2026-09-03T23:39:18Z https://girrjournal.com/oai/?metadataPrefix=oai_dc&verb=ListRecords

oai:girrjournal.com:393563 2018-12-30 girr

Comparative Study of India and Pakistan as Federations BRI Muhammad Bilal Sajida Begum Amina Farooq Federalism Provincial autonomy democracy Constitutional comparison. This article conducts a comparative study of the federal structures in India and Pakistan. The study aims to understand the similarities and differences between the two federations and their impact on governance, democracy, and economic development. The article employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods to analyze the federal systems of the two countries. The analysis includes examination of the constitutional provisions, distribution of power between the central and state governments, and the role of regional political parties. The article provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the federal systems in India and Pakistan and offers suggestions for improvement. The findings of the study can contribute to the ongoing debate on federalism in both countries and provide valuable lessons for other countries with federal structures. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department Political Science, Govt. Associate College, Chak Jhumra, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. P.hD Scholar, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/comparative-study-of-india-and-pakistan-as-federations-bri https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393564 2018-12-30 girr

India's Indigenization and Modernization of Defence and Military Technology: Strategic Ramifications for Pakistan Muhammad Ali Baig Hamid Iqbal Syed Sabir Muhammad Indigenization Military Technology Defence Equipment Pakistan India India is arming and modernizing its military with its land forces receiving equipment in an unprecedented manner while its navy is growingly becoming a blue water navy capable of projecting power way beyond its shores and is rapidly arming its air force to become a strategic force capable of playing an independent role. The international environment is favourable for India, which is further adding impetus towards indigenization and modernization of Indian defence and military capabilities while providing an opportunity for the economy to flourish even more. The paper is an endeavour to analyze, assess, predict and prescribe the potential upshots and outcomes of indigenization, local and licensed manufacturing and joint ventures initiated by India in defence and military sectors - and the likelihood of such choices and actions in becoming a vital strategic and security concern for Pakistan. Humanity Publications Writer at Daily Times, Pakistan Observer and Pakistan Today and currently a Scholar at the National Defence University in Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M. Phil, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/indias-indigenization-and-modernization-of-defence-and-military-technology-strategic-ramifications-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393565 2018-12-30 girr

Future of GCC in the Aftermath of Qatar Blockade Usama Rauf Syed Umair Jalal GCC Qatar Blockade. Gulf crisis Middle East Geo-Politics of GCC. Economic Bubble of GCC The de-facto effectiveness of GCC has been reinvigorated after the Qatar diplomatic crisis for both Middle East in and the Gulf countries. The question however remains quite pertinent about the future of this organization for cooperation of the signatory actors in economic, security and socio-cultural domains particularly after the Washington's unsatisfactory retort to the KSA in response to alleged Iran's drone attack on Saudi oil installments on the UAE coast. In order to deconstruct the upcoming possible sustainability or instability of the GCC, the context in which the GCC was formed in the first place in 1981 is one of the most important prerequisites to understand. What led to the formation of GCC has extensively been written about, but what stands next in the future for the organization is the motivational factor of this study. Therefore, this paper attempts to draw the implications for the GCC in future and to analyze how Qatar Blockade by troika of KSA, UAE and Bahrain have affected the geopolitical balance of the region. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/future-of-gcc-in-the-aftermath-of-qatar-blockade https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393566 2018-12-30 girr

Status of Minorities: A Comparative Study of India and Pakistan Athar Ali Muhammad Imran Ashraf Minority India Pakistan Legislation Violence This research article titled "Status of Minorities: A Comparative Study of India and Pakistan", is an attempt to understand the status of minorities e.g., economic, political, social and constitutional rights that has been underestimated for decades. Comparative analysis research method has been used to comprehend the rights of minorities and their violations by India and Pakistan. To understand the status of minorities in India and Pakistan the liberalism theory is being used. The data supported my research hypothesis "Violations of Rights of Minorities in Pakistan is the outcome of individual actions whereas in India the violation of minority rights is backed by government machinery" Pakistan's stance on protection of constitutional, socio economic and political rights of minorities from day first is very clear. Rights of minorities have been protected under objective resolution 1949 and then in constitution of 1973. While Indian constitution is a secular one, the majority Hindus are using this secular constitution to exploit rights of the minorities. Off and on the communal violence is been witnessed. Gujrat massacre under the Chief Minister ship of Modi current Prime Minister of India can be termed as state sponsored massacre of Muslims. When Modi took office as PM, the radical Hindus become more hostile towards minorities living in India. On governmental level many unilateral legislations have been made against minorities' religious rituals e.g., Muslim marriage Act of Tripple Talaq. Beside this unlawful Citizenship amendment bill and abrogation of article 370 from Kashmir and Farmers Agricultural Acts without consulting Sikh community led to an uncertainty. The liberalist theory advocates the rights of every individual must be ensured as it is the basic principle of democratic system of government. But it has been observed that serious violations of minority rights at state level in India and individual level in Pakistan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/status-of-minorities-a-comparative-study-of-india-and-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393567 2018-12-30 girr

Leadership Role of Hassan Rouhani and Nuclear Deal of Iran Sajida Begum Noor Fatima Hassan Rouhani Nuclear Deal Iran Hassan Rouhani had been serving as secretary to Supreme National Security Council for 16 years. Hassan Rouhani was the person who was tasked to lead the team of technically, politically and legally expert's negotiators on nuclear program of Iran to start talks with the western powers to decreased the tension between IAEA body and foreign ministry of Iran on reports published by the IAEA and adoption of the UN Security Council resolution condemning Iran. Iran's nuclear program was started in the era of the reign of Raza Shah Pahlavi before the Islamic Revolution. It was not only another country providing nuclear technology but also America. Iran's foreign policy will not be affected by the slogans, but we will safely defend our national interests. Hassan Rouhani After elected as President in 2013, promised that he would work to bring relief in economic sanctions on the country due to which the economy was destroyed and life was difficult for the Iranian people. Iran's hardliner leaders had been opposing the any deal and talks on the matter of nuclear program. On the other end reformist groups in the Iran always favored the new ideas and negotiations on nuclear program and when the balance of power turned in favor of President Rouhani when won the elections in 2013 and he gave the green signal to the negotiators. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/leadership-role-of-hassan-rouhani-and-nuclear-deal-of-iran https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393568 2019-12-30 girr

Media Imperialism: A Postmodern Analysis Huma Masood Saira Parvin Media Imperialism Hyper-Reality Images Postmodernism This paper aims to build an understanding of postmodern phenomena, that what exactly it means and how it relates to media in general and media imperialism in particular. The claim of modernists that we, the masses are so immersed in the mediatized lifestyle that we have blurred the lines between reality and media is discussed thoroughly that how the distinction has almost disappeared. This study explores how human beings have lost the sense of reality and have started to believe that media reality is the actual reality. It is also worth explaining how it has historical roots, from modern to postmodern era, in which the idea of representation got remixed with intertextual references. This piece of writing also establishes the work of distinguished postmodernists like Lyotard, Derirda, Foucault, Barthes, Edward Said, Boyd Barret and Bandrillad. The article elucidates the vital role played by media to reshape our personal and social lives, and most importantly, our conceptions of reality. It investigates the question that is it really truth that our lives have been dominated and influenced by the consumption of images, where notions of objectivity and empiricism have been disappeared since long while forgetting the true essence of real world? And whether there exists a wish to return to reality or not? Humanity Publications Student, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Politics and IR, Islamic International University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/media-imperialism-a-postmodern-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2019(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393569 2019-12-30 girr

The Female Brigade of the Islamic State (ISIS): Why Feminism Fail to Respond? Hamid Iqbal Muhammad Hanif Khalil Muhammad Usama Arshad Feminism Feminists Gender Discrimination Islamic State (ISIS) Al-Khansaa Marginalization The purpose of this article is to discuss the concept of "Female Jihad" coupled with discussion of the causes which compel women to join the ranks of the Female Brigade of Islamic State (IS). Women from the western, developed societies also join IS for multiplicity of reasons. The light is also shed over tools utilized by ISIS to attract the young and vulnerable. The article also focuses on the theoretical tools used by the Feminists in the understanding of these female fighters. It also discusses that why the Feminists and the states have so far not been successful to protect women, from joining these terrorist organizations. Lastly, recommendations are also made on how to control the influx of the people into these violent organizations and the role Feminists and the states have to play to provide for and protect those who want to return. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Director, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Independent Research Analyst 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-female-brigade-of-the-islamic-state-isis-why-feminism-fail-to-respond https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2019(II-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393570 2020-12-30 girr

Pakistan - U.S. Relations and its Impact on Afghanistan Muhammad Imran Ashraf Iqra Jathol Mubbshar Ali Afghan War Soviet Union Pakistan US Relations Afghan's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1979 created panic worldwide and proved a decisive moment in the international political scenario. Soviet expansionism policy when challenged the security of Pakistan, it appeared as a front - line country and the main route to provide aid for Afghan Mujahedin. This paper has analytically reviews the Pakistan's decision to join 1979 Afghan war and evaluated how it benefited economic and defense conditions of Pakistan. Simultaneously, the article presents how this Afghan war posed grave threats to security (internal as well as external) of the country due to refugees flood that resulted not only in problematic scenario with respect to the economy, politics, and society but also produced ecological difficulties. Moreover, Afghan refugees caused deforestation for their food, eroded soil, propped up Kalashnikov culture, illegal drug trade, and other infinite law and order troubles. However, Pakistan had no better option except to take part in the Afghan war. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, NDU (National Defence University), Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, (GCWU) Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/pakistan-us-relations-and-its-impact-on-afghanistan- https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2020(III-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393571 2020-12-30 girr

Emerging New Alliance System in Middle East and Implications for Gulf Cooperation Council Yushfa Liaquat Noor Fatima Middle East Dynamics- Beyond Sectarian Divide Iran- Qatar Axis and GCC Ideological factor has always remained the corner stone in the formation of alliances and regional politics of Middle East. Recent years have seen a drastic shift in the traditional politics of Middle East. Qatar Crisis highlighted a wedge within the GCC framework. Meanwhile; Qatar's tilt towards Iran and the Saudi's aggressive policies uncovered the rise of new dynamism. The study uses the theoretical assumptions of Structural Realism to draw conclusions about Qatar, Iran and Turkey's behaviour. However; the data is gathered through both Primary and Secondary sources. Political environment of Middle East is undergoing a significant shift by emergence of new alliances which are not directed by sectarian divide. Iran- Qatar- Turkey Troika has emerged as a new pole and in better position than Saudi Arabia and UAE. The Sunni bloc is seen declining as not only Qatar, but Oman and Kuwait also pursuing the policy of hedging towards Iran. The study aims to explore factors that led to engagement between Iran and Qatar, impact of Iran-Qatar relations on GCC and the emerging Iran, Qatar and Turkey alliance and its implications on the Middle East. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson Politics, Department of IR, NDU, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/emerging-new-alliance-system-in-middle-east-and-implications-for-gulf-cooperation-council https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2020(III-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393572 2020-12-30 girr

Covid-19 and its Impact on South Asia: A Case Study of Pakistan Zahid Yaseen Iqra Jathol Muhammad Muzaffar Covid-19 South Asia Pakistan WHO Pandemic Disease The disease named COVID-19 is a pandemic disease that was began in China in December 2019, and after that spread in all over the world. China has victimized badly by the said disease and WHO has stated reservations that Pakistan might appear as the next victim of this pandemic. Pakistan and India are two major players in South Asia, they the facing pandemic disease now a days. Scholar hypothesizes that at contemporary circumstances the Pakistani commonalities are not ready to face any pandemic threat. This study will evaluate the basic health issues regarding covid-19, the political instability and health care facilities given to the Covid-19 victims. It also evaluates the lockdown policies in Pakistan and relieves given by the Governments. Results will be analyzed through secondary sources, journals, articles and other authentic material on this pandemic with null hypothesis that Pakistani community is not well aware of the COVID-19 and having lack of facilities and strategies for the safety of people and control of infection. The study will conclude about alarming situation in the country and effective implementations against covid-19.Question arises that How should control or aware the south Asian community. It depends on awareness, training, and cooperation of South Asian Community. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, GC Women University Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Political Science, GC Women University Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and IR, GC University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/covid19-and-its-impact-on-south-asia-a-case-study-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2020(III-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393573 2020-12-30 girr

Bid for Regional Hegemony: China's Soft Power Strategy in Asia Pacific Sehrish Khan Saddozai Muhammad Imran Ashraf Hegemony Soft Power Asia Pacific and Social Legitimacy China aspires to be a regional hegemon in Asia Pacific region—this requires material as well as social factors This paper focuses on how China is utilizing its soft power to gain social legitimacy in the region. Using Joseph Nye's soft power, it argues that China is using its soft power to develop social acceptance for its new desired role in the region. In this vein, China's Belt Road Initiative (BRI) and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) are enhancing China's soft power in Asia Pacific region. The paper employs broader definition of soft power and analyzes all non-military tools used by China in Asia Pacific region. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of International Relations, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/bid-for-regional-hegemony-chinas-soft-power-strategy-in-asia-pacific https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2020(III-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393574 2020-12-30 girr

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Eradicating: How Artificial Intelligence can help to Control Crime and Terror in Pakistan Mamoon Rashid Noor Fatima Artificial Intelligence Crime Terror Pakistan Artificial Intelligence is gradually becoming stronger in the world. It is the new buzz word. Tons of individual are working on it or about it. Although, less known by some, it is not a very new invention. However, it is coming into practice in every field of life. Due to its eccentric nature, the AI is taking the whole world by storm. The world has started to witness in the news and public dialogues that big countries taking major steps. Many countries are adopting this technology as a matter of their national security in order to control crime and terror. Pakistan is a third world country and lags behind in many things in comparison to the world. However, the country is blessed with tech experts and has a large amount of population using technology, literary or not, that's debatable. Pakistan is a country with one of the largest young population of the world. By more youth means more possible tech users but sadly, Pakistan stands among the lowest in tech innovations in the world. Data is crucial for AI and Pakistan has been lucky enough to collect ample amount of data of its citizens. The issue is utilization of that data. Pakistan has technological infrastructure but that infrastructure requires upgradation time to time and needs to be expanded on a national level. AI software could be used on the same infrastructure but requires tech trained man power. Pakistan requires a national policy for AI which includes security and all other domain where AI could be utilized. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Department of IR, NDU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson Politics, Department of IR, NDU, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/role-of-artificial-intelligence-in-eradicating-how-artificial-intelligence-can-help-to-control-crime-and-terror-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2020(III-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393575 2021-03-30 girr

Challenges of Indian Entry into OIC Fariha Ahmad Hashmi Saira Parvin Muhammad Imran Ashraf Atrocities Rebut OIC India Pakistan Kashmir Saudi Arabia ICFM Image Enough of humiliation and what India calls as defaming by the resolutions by OIC on Kashmir, India has dealt with the challenges it had to face to enter into OIC. The tale of challenges faced by India, and the reciprocal attitude of New Delhi is a concrete depiction of international politics based on national interests, and where International organizations voice for human rights but get overpowered by individual member's national interests. This piece of paper encompasses a show of challenges what India had to face, could overcome them and how creating challenges for its rivals. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Researcher, Department of Politics and IR, Government College University, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/challenges-of-indian-entry-into-oic https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393576 2021-03-30 girr

Understanding the Global Climate Change Regimes Khushboo Fatima Noor Fatima Climate Change Regimes UNFCCC Paris Agreement Kyoto Protocol Copenhagen Accord Global Security Climate change is considered as one of the most hazardous security threats, which contains challenges for carbon-emitting countries as well as non-emitting countries. International regimes have been engaged in mitigating climate-related effects as these threats are more lethal than terrorism and any other traditional security threats. International regimes for climate change are being developed through an evolutionary process and currently working on different levels to combat the perils of climate change. Their efficiency is always under consideration by nonemitting states that are victims of climate change, consequently through developed or carbon-emitting states. The study identifies efficient and valuable work of climate regimes and provides a critical approach to so far work done on climate change to diminish its effects worldwide. The research includes the responsibility of various factors to mitigate the consequences of climate change i.e. role of carbon-emitting and nonemitting states and the role of inter-governmental organizations. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Politics & IR, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Politics & IR, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/understanding-the-global-climate-change-regimes https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393577 2021-09-30 girr

Application of Edward Azar's Theory "Protracted Social Conflict": A Case Study of Palestine-Israel Conflict Muhammad Anser Mehdi Uffaq Khalid Protracted Communal Content Deprivation Governance International Linkages The sacred land of Palestine is under the commotion of blood and smoke.The origin and fundamental grounds of 70 years old between Muslims and the Jewish community. Since the inception of Israel, the western world has supported and expanded the reigns of Israel by shrinking the geographical and religious space for Palestinian Arabs. The conflict embraced ethnoreligious, racial, territorial, and ideological emotions,which remain unresolved even after numerous agreements and accords.The said conflict is evaluated through the lens of Edward Azar's protracted social conflict theory, which encompasses communal content,governance, deprivation of human rights, and international linkages towards the Palestine- Israel conflict. The paper will highlight the major constraints and deep-rooted causes of the Palestine Israel conflict. Humanity Publications MPhil Students, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, NDU, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Students, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, NDU, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/application-of-edward-azars-theory-protracted-social-conflict-a-case-study-of-palestineisrael-conflict https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393578 2021-09-30 girr

Competition among Great Powers: A Perspective of Bioterrorism Tayyaba Zaman Janjua Noor Fatima Saira Parivin Great Powers Competition Biosecurity Biological and Chemical Weapons Bioterrorism Warfare is an activity that has been conducted between humans since ages.Humans repeatedly practiced this activity, employed multiple strategies,and used different weapons in order to vanquish the enemy. Among these innumerable weapons, biological and chemical are of substantial significance. These biological and chemical agents have been used historically as weapons of destruction by states. The concept of using bio and chemical agents is even before the concept of statehood. These infectious weapons were employed in wars so as to vanquish the enemy forces. These weapons were available for a long, but their use was only sporadically, and they were employed stealthily. Humanity Publications BS International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Politics and IR, IIU Islamabad, Pakistan PhD Scholar, School of Politics and IR, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/competition-among-great-powers-a-perspective-of-bioterrorism https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393579 2021-09-30 girr

China-Pakistan Relations under CPEC Sabahat Jaleel Habibullah Economic Interdependence CPEC FDI Defence Assistance China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project was signed in 2015between Pakistan and China. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with different experts, such as intellectuals, politicians, and historians. Pakistan, being the neighboring country of China, did not miss the opportunity and responded to the call seriously and developed diplomatic relations with China in 1950. Pakistan became one of the few countries which recognized China at the earliest. For the last many decades, China has been providing military, technical, and economic assistance to the government of Pakistan. A qualitative research method has been used to achieve the research goals. This article explains how the growing investment of China establishes mutual interdependence for both countries. Since then, both countries have enjoyed the strength and perpetuity of bilateral relations. Humanity Publications Lecturer at Department of Basic Science and Humanities, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Government Post-Graduate College Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/chinapakistan-relations-under-cpec https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393580 2021-09-30 girr

Information Security Policy Development: the Mechanism to Ensure Security Over Information Technology Systems Maryam Saadat Muhammad Umar Abbasi Information Network ISO-27001 Information Technology Information Security Policy Audit Information security is still in its embryonic phase. The reason is that there are certain malevolent actors in the network that are always looking for loopholes in the system and can harm organizations with their malicious activities. The development of information security policy is very important. It lays the foundations of certain significant standards and procedures that help mitigate the potential risks associated with the organization or its network. The following article has discussed information security policy and its respective development cycle for the implementation of policy infrastructure that could help secure vital data and information in an organization. A framework is explained that demonstrates the construction of a policy, keeping in mind the implementation of an effective security policy. It has elaborated the significance of auditing measures focusing on ISO-27001, the policy specifically designed for information security. Humanity Publications Bs, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/information-security-policy-development-the-mechanism-to-ensure-security-over-information-technology-systems https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393581 2021-09-30 girr

Minimizing and Reversing the Effect Caused by Misrepresentation of Electronic Media to International Image of New Pakistan: Possible Solutions Summaiya Chaudhry Imran Ashraf Noor Fatima Minimizing Reversing Misrepresentation Electronic Media International Image Pakistan Possible Solutions t is extremely evident that a global image is extremely important for acountry, especially in today's world and climate. With this, it is also justas important to highlight the extent to which a country's global image canbe changed and how this benefits the country. In International as well asnational electronic media Pakistan has a terrible global image. The news and media talks shows and social media networks all report about Pakistan a state known for cases of honour killings, corruption, and domestic violence Humanity Publications MPhil, Department of International Relation, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of International Relation, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan Chairperson, Department of Politics and IR, IIU, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/minimizing-and-reversing-the-effect-caused-by-misrepresentation-of-electronic-media-to-international-image-of-new-pakistan-possible-solutions https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393582 2021-12-30 girr

Game of Thrones and International Politics in Realism Perspective Ahsan Riaz Muqarrab Akbar Rafidah Nawaz Idealism Realism Power Politics Anarchy Neo-Realism Since the Second World War realism paradigm has been most prominent and successful in the discipline of international relations. Realist theory interprets the role of the state in world politics in which the state's national interest is the primary variable. To attain the state's national interest power (in military and economic terms) is a very essential tool. The element of power has shaped the anarchic political system. HBO's Season' Game of Throne' is most compatible with the approaches of the international political system, especially to understand the realist paradigm. In this season different power centers were playing the game of power politics. Iron Throne had a hegemonic status and was considered as a supreme power in the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, which created the anarchy. Competing for the power, losing the power, and attaining the power was creating the an archical situation in the whole season in which different actors and kingdoms made their strategies and joined uneven alliances. So Game of Throne is providing a better way to comprehend the international anarchy and political realism. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Professor, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/game-of-thrones-and-international-politics-in-realism-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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De-radicalization Programs in Muslim Countries: A Critical Analysis Muhammad Rizwan Sara Batool Sarmad Ali Khan De-radicalization Programs Muslim Countries Muslims Turkey Saudi Arabia Yemen Malaysia Pakistan This research critically analyzes the De-radicalization program in Muslim countries. Muslims have faced extremism and terrorism in many forms due to religious intolerance, economic crisis, and hatred. Some of the Muslim countries have launched de-radicalization programs to neutralize the views of extremism and to maintain peace in society. The study critically analyzes the steps taken by Muslim states to de-radicalize that including the process of De-radicalization, disengagement,rehabilitation, and reintegration. This study also offers the possible steps that can be taken to eliminate radicalization. This study also highlights the need for more de-radicalization programs to maintain peace and prosperity all around. The countries that have been studied in this research are Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan. Their process of de-radicalization, along with the help of the government and private sector, is critically analyzed Humanity Publications MS in International Relations from COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan MS in International Relations from COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan Founder and Director General International Institute for Global Strategic Analysis (IIGSA). 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/deradicalization-programs-in-muslim-countries-a-critical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Role of Madrassas in the Education System of Pakistan: A Way Forward Tajjala Munir Sara Batool Nimra Sajjad Extremism Sectarianism Madrassa Education Regulation Madrassa Reform Militancy Violence Ideology In Pakistan since Independence Madrassa has provided education to millions of students. As an alternative to formal education, religious education is a supplement for society from which a large chunk of society is benefited. Besides religious education Madaris also work as a proper shelter home for the children studying in them as they provide food,clothing shelter. However, these Madaris are accused of fueling conservative ideas by promoting narrow mindsets. Students of madrassas are often misfits in society and intolerant to change which leads to political and social extremism. This study analyzes the major and minor challenges confronted in modernizing Madrasah education; it also discusses the future of Madrassa education in Pakistan. This study aims to explore the need for modification of the curriculum and education system in the madrassa of Pakistan. Also, investigate the main entrenched norms and factors preventing reforms in madrassa education. Humanity Publications MS in International Relations, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan MS in International Relations, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan MS in International Relations, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/role-of-madrassas-in-the-education-system-of-pakistan-a-way-forward https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations Javed Hassan Hashmi Waseem Ishaque Hindu Nationalism Domestic Environment Foreign Policy International Relations This article briefly examines the rise of Hindu nationalism, its role in the formulation of the domestic environment and assesses its impact on the international relations of India. Since the ascendance of Modi to power,the involvement of RSS in Indian politics and governmental affairs has increased manifold. Curbs on civil society, NGOs, and media freedom have been noticed by independent observers. Hate speech and the enactment of laws to marginalize space for minorities are common happenings. This article has incorporated an integrative review technique while working under an overall design of qualitative research methodology. It is observed that India's erstwhile secular credentials are endangered due to the assault of the Hindutva wave on freedom of expression, civil society, and minorities. The dominance of the BJP and the autocratic behavior of Modi have affected the domestic environment of India thus impacting India's international relations, especially with herneighbours. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Director, Area Studies China, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/rise-of-hindu-nationalism-impact-of-domestic-environment-on-international-relations https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Post Withdrawal Situation of us Troops from Afghanistan: Role of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Abdul Saboor Sardar Ahmed Taha Shabbir Regional Politics Afghan Issue Taliban Regime International Organization The study of international relations has been re-examined in light of a global perspective on politics since the conclusion of World War 2 and the September 11 terrorist attacks. Examining Afghanistan's connection with the SCO is a relatively new subject of study. Between 2001 and 2011,China intervened strategically and economically in Afghanistan in the Bonn talks between Afghanistan, China, and the SCO. Afghanistan was awarded observer status by the SCO in 2012 in order to facilitate the integration of the broader area into the SCO and diminish US-NATO influence in the nation where Russia's key geostrategic interests lay. For China, Afghanistan's natural riches are particularly valuable. Despite the United States' exit from Afghanistan, the Taliban maintains total control of the country, and international governments refuse to recognize them.The country's position is deteriorating due to the government's lack of legitimacy. Both Moscow and Beijing want to put an end to the situation. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Government Degree College, K.N Shah, Department of Education, Government of Sindh, Pakistan Assistant Professor and HOD Arabic Department, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, SBA, Sindh, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/post-withdrawal-situation-of-us-troops-from-afghanistan-role-of-shanghai-cooperation-organization-sco https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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War on Terror: Socio-Economic Ramifications for Pakistan Unsa Jamshed Amar Jahangir Nasira Fazil Terrorism Tribal Areas Military Operation Drone Attacks CIA Al-Qaeda After the attack on the American twin tower on September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched a war against the terrorists and Al-Qaeda hiding in Afghanistan. During this war, Pakistan became the front-line state due to its proximity to Afghanistan. The American war on terror also brought disastrous effects on Pakistan. Due to the war on terror, Pakistan faced and is still facing a number of challenges in its social and economic spheres. This paper is an attempt to highlight the socio-economic challenges faced by Pakistan due to the war on terror. The paper revolves around these research questions. What are the socio-economic effects of the war on terror on Pakistan? What socio-economic cost was paid by Pakistan during the war on terror? What are the implications of the war on terror for Pakistan? Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of IR and History, Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan. Junior Lecturer, Institute of Kashmir Studies, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of English, Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/war-on-terror-socioeconomic-ramifications-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Pakistan-China Relations and Central Asian Republics Mirwais Kasi Abdul Qadir Adil Zaman Kasi Border Central Asia Geography Pakistan Terrorism Trade Pakistan-China relationship has survived the test of time and denotes the phrase of respect,advantages to both sides, and natural alignment. Both nations provided support for each other at regional and international levels, which not only worked to secure their own interests but is also attracting other regional actors to explore advantages for themselves out of the time-tested friendship of Pakistan-China.Central Asian Republics are also attracted to Pakistan-China as to benefit in multidimensional aspects. The Central Asian Republics desire for access to their energy resources to consumers, while Pakistan and China's objectives in Central Asia have been driven by their diplomatic, security obligations, economic advantages,and their aspiration to become an energy transit corridor in the region. Pakistan-China relations and their targets increase the interdependence environment between all these actors, which also provides an impetus where Pakistan-China rising influence in Central Asian Republics is anticipated. The significance of this article is that it analyzes the two prongs of Pakistan-China's growing influence in Central Asian Republics;the first is based on unilateral efforts of the two countries to explore more areas of cooperation with Central Asian Republics and the second is based in Pakistan-China bilateral relations impact on Central Asian Republics. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/pakistanchina-relations-and-central-asian-republics https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Symbiotic Realism: Way Forward for Great Power Relations Rafida Nawaz Syed Hussain Murtaza Muqarrab Akbar Multi-sum Security Hegemony Symbiotic Realism USA China Rise of China, its bend towards Russia, its increasing sphere of influence in Asia and Africa has posed perplexing questions like will the four decades of cooperation between USA and China end in great War; will the drive to maintain/attain hegemony be the guiding principle for USA and China; and what will be the impact of strife on states like Pakistan, recipients of both USA and China. The international politics pundits, well versed in Machiavellian-Hobbesian Realist discourses, predicts a coming war with continued pattern of hegemonic contention, competition, and shift in hegemony. But Realism is not a unified paradigm and variants of Realist discourse(s), advocate divergent courses of statecraft, depending on state status in global order. The paper aims to analyse the prospective Sino-US relation with the lens of Symbiotic Realism given by Nayef Al Rodhan believing in sustainable multi-sum security principle, co-existence, and mutual dependence between great powers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Scholar, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/symbiotic-realism-way-forward-for-great-power-relations https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Belt and Road Initiative: A Debate in Context with the New World Order with Chinese Characteristics Muhammad Nauman Akhter AIIB; BRI; China; Global Governance; World Order The existing global governance system in which an unparalleled growth of China is exceedingly constrained and overwhelmed by the US and its allies. President Xi's all-encompassing foreign policy such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) primarily seeks out to develop the much-needed infrastructure, global financial integration and trade liberalisation. This paper examines the impression of China’s initiative, such as BRI on the global governance system-an area in which China has gradually expanded its input. Inspired from China's historical prestige and ideology, Chinese institutions present three significant challenges to the existing world order; (i) the emerging non-western ideology, (ii) the non-western multilateralism, and (iii) the introduction of diversity and equality in international relations. The paper concludes that China's unprecedented economic growth coupled with its assertive foreign policy means an alternative global governance system is emerging with Chinese characteristics. Humanity Publications PhD International Politics, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/belt-and-road-initiative-a-debate-in-context-with-the-new-world-order-with-chinese-characteristics https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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China's Rise in the Contemporary World Alina Malik Saima A Kayani Asia Karim China Economy Military Soft Power The advent of the 21st century has seen a shift from uni polarity to multi polarity, mainly due to China's rise. Chinese ambitions are aligned and expansive, which are driven by nationalism, economic uplift and military modernization. China is evolving as a major powerhouse of the current world order. Trade,economic reforms, up gradation of the military, appealing to the masses through its culture and peaceful settlement of disputes are Chinese means for shaping new world order. America's decreasing sphere of influence in multilateral agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the Iran Nuclear deal is proving windows of opportunities for rising powers like China. China aims to strengthen its position in the international system. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of Defense and Diplomatic Studies, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Chairperson, Department of Defense and Diplomatic Studies, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Email International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/chinas-rise-in-the-contemporary-world https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Understanding India and China in South Asia Muhammad Nauman Akhter China India South Asia A Great Power Rivalry India is often recognized as a powerful country, but a careful study brings to the light that China has a more favorable position vis-a-vis India in South Asia. Many reasons can be put in favor of this argument.First, South Asian countries view China as a more reliable partner in the region in the long run. China's card could always help South Asian countries to evade the overwhelming Indian influence. Second, a closer pee pinto India's South Asian policy reveals that it has improved the economic interdependence, trade and regional connectivity since 1991. But China holds the position of preeminence in political and economic affairs and has more to lure Indian neighbors away from the Indian sphere of influence. Third, South Asian countries also look at China's global position as an opportunity for their prosperity Humanity Publications PhD International Politics, Shandong University, China 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/understanding-india-and-china-in-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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US China Trade War: Implications for the World Muhammad Arif Khan Shahnawaz Muhammad Khan US-China Trade War Tariff War Economic Impacts In 2018, a trade war started between USA and China. Both the countries started to apply tariffs against each other. In March 2018, the USA applied tariffs on imports from China. Then in return, China also applied tariffs on a few products. With time, this trade war between both economies raised, and its further intensification made both countries suffer through imposed tariffs. Tariff wars between the United States and China have the potential to undermine global financial stability. As the world's biggest economies, China and USA have been merchandising products and services on a worldwide scale. After these countries retaliate,the tariff war will have an impact on the global distribution chain, international trade, the economy, and equity markets. The study is a qualitative-based critical analysis of the reasons and effects of this trade war between the two economic giants. It also explicitly highlights the environmental as well as economic impacts on the world community. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Karachi Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Karachi Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/us-china-trade-war-implications-for-the-world https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Pak-Afghan Border Fencing and its Impact on the Political Identity of the Shinwari Tribe Asfandyar Shinwari Syed Sami Raza Muhammad Zubair Pak-Afghan Border Shinwari Tribe Torkham Border Lwarrgai Afghanistan This study deals with the impacts of border fencing on the political identity of the Shinwari tribe,which strides the Torkham border. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies are employed to investigate the potential impacts. The sampling for it was carried out on the basis of Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling in quantitative methodology; and Subjective Sampling in the qualitative. It was known that fencing had affected the Shinwari tribe. The Shinwaris of Lwarrgai now find it difficult to meet their tribesmen in Afghanistan. Similarly, it has become difficult to maintain a single Shinwari identity as a tribal unit today. Moreover, it has been known that more than twenty-five per cent of the Shinwaris of Lwarrgai have relatives across the border. Add to this the lands which they own on the Afghanistan side of the border. Humanity Publications Mphil, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Political Science, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/pakafghan-border-fencing-and-its-impact-on-the-political-identity-of-the-shinwari-tribe https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Taliban, Indirect Rule and the FCR Factor Farman Kakar Taliban FCR Factor Waziristan India Pakistan Constitution Militancy This study provides for the indirect governance structure which existed in the tribal areas of the then Indian northwest and its repercussions in the form of the rise of Taliban militancy in these tribal areas after 2001 with a major focus on South and North Waziristan. In order to carry out this research, both secondary and primary sources and survey methods were used. Secondary sources include but are not confined to research articles, books, newspaper articles and magazine reports. Primary sources that were used include personal interviews, the constitution of Pakistan and the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR). Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Humanities, Education and Psychology, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/taliban-indirect-rule-and-the-fcr-factor https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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India- Pakistan Relations and Causes of Inconsistency Anwar Shah Hamida Bibi India Pakistan Kashmir Relations Conflicts Nuclear Power India-Pakistan relations have always been fraught with ambiguity and the pursuit of positive and negative interactions at the same time. Despite both countries' good intentions and noble sentiments for one another, deep-seated apprehensions and historical experiences continue to shape their perspectives on one another. Three factors have historically been viewed by Indians to be impediments to normalisation between India and Pakistan. First, Pakistan has a position in Kashmir. Second, Pakistan is forming an alliance with the West, and third, Pakistan refused to accept India's dominance in the region. Following the 1971 Indo-Pak conflict, India detonated nuclear weapons in 1974. India saw itself as a regional superpower with authority to intervene in the affairs of South Asian nations. Pakistan has long opposed India's dominance doctrine and believed in sovereign equality. This study is qualitative in character, and an effort has been made to fully comprehend the variables that contribute to India-erratic Pakistan ties. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia College University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of History and Pakistan Studies, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/india-pakistan-relations-and-causes-of-inconsistency https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Benchmarking Performance using Data Envelopment Analysis: A Case of the Banking Sector of Pakistan Taqi Ullah Khan Farhat Ullah Khan Umer Ahmad Data Development Analysis Banking Sector Benchmarking Customers' needs drive the competitive nature of today's business environment. To achieve desired outcomes, resources must be transformed effectively and efficiently. Performance evaluation is one of the most important benchmarking tools for modern businesses due to sophisticated technologies, computerized processes, communication, and fierce competition. The study analyzed the performance of 26 commercial banks from 2008 to 2016. Efficiency and effectiveness were calculated using data envelopment analysis(DEA). The results showed that the sub-optimal performance of banks was caused mainly by ineffectiveness compared to Efficiency. Banks were further categorized into four groups based on their average efficiency and effectiveness scores into Ace, Underdogs, Lucky, and Unlucky. This matrix suggests that banks in the Lucky quadrant should improve Efficiency, those in the Unluck group should diversify, and those in the Underdogs quadrant should merge. Banks in the Lucky, Unlucky, and Underdog quadrants should emulate the Ace quadrant's success. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Government College of Commerce No. 2, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Ph.D Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/benchmarking-performance-using-data-envelopment-analysis-a-case-of-the-banking-sector-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Rise of Baloch Insurgency: Domestic and International Factors Mariam Asif Shaukat Yunas Khan Balochistan Insurgencies Identity Militants International Political Economic The article discusses the history and highlights the events in Balochistan during the colonial time and the post-partition era. The focus is on the insurgencies of the Baloch against the state including the present one. It discusses the characteristics of the province along with the social set-up and the political and economic situation of the Baloch. It is necessary to acknowledge the perception of the Baloch regarding their 'exclusiveness'. The Baloch maintain that their culture, traditions and language are not similar to the otherethnicities in Pakistan and therefore they claim that they are entitled to a special type of treatment. The Balochmind set also centres around their identity. The current Baloch insurgency also highlights the dynamics of the province and the factors which have forced the militants to rebel against the state. The role of the international factors behind the insurgency is also highlighted. Humanity Publications Lecturer, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/rise-of-baloch-insurgency-domestic-and-international-factors https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring Persuasive Strategies Used in the Political Speeches of Sub-continent Leaders in United Nations General Assembly Naila Ijaz Waqar Raza Muhammad Ahsan Persuasive Strategies Political Speeches Sub-continent Leaders UN General Assembly The purpose of this study is to analyze the persuasive strategies used by political leaders of the sub-continent in their speeches at the 74th session of the UN General Assembly held in 2019. The researcher adopted a mixed-method approach to analyze the data. The sample of this study was the political speeches made by Imran Khan, Narendra Modi and Sheikh Hasina Wajid in UN GA to represent their countries as Prime Minister. All of the Sub-continent leaders employed more or less persuasive strategies to convince their audiences such as allusion, contrasts, rhetorical questions, statistical figures and inclusive language. Humanity Publications Lecturer English, Government Graduate College for Women, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/exploring-persuasive-strategies-used-in-the-political-speeches-of-subcontinent-leaders-in-united-nations-general-assembly https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Modi is Hiding Behind the Cloak of Secularism to Promote Hindutva Ideology Hajra Nasir Mariam Asif Shaukat Fascist Hindutva RSS Sedition Act Anti-Citizenship Act Prior to Election, the mingling of politics with religion was practiced frequently throughout South Asia, including India. Modi, a fascist who employs the religion card to win the elections as Hindus are in the majority. The initiatives implemented in his first term helped him to win the 2019 elections. In addition, the popularity of Modi grew due to the Pulwama incident as he openly challenged and conducted an air strike against Pakistan. Modi won the second term with a promise to rebuild the Ram temple on the site of Babri Masjid, abrogate the special status of Occupied Jammu and Kashmir, and implement the Anti-Citizenship Act.More hate towards religious minorities, especially Muslims, exacerbates the Hindu Vote Bank. The Hardcore majority of Hindus and BJP applauded such Anti-Muslim promises and assisted him in procuring massive seats in Lok Shaba. Humanity Publications Research Schlor, Department of International Relations, COMSATS, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/modi-is-hiding-behind-the-cloak-of-secularism-to-promote-hindutva-ideology https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Linkage Between US invasion of Iraq, Arab Spring and Emergence of Daesh: Beginning of New Era for Iran Fozia Bibi Lubna Abid Ali Iran Iraq Power Rivalry Invasion Daesh Ideology The role of Iran is essential to analyze the politics of the Middle East. Post 9/11 few events such as the USA invasion of Iraq, the Arab spring and the emergence of Daesh has altered the traditional power structure of the region and also enhanced the role of Iran in the politics of the region. This study analyzes the role of domestic and structural factors in the shaping of the foreign policy behavior of Iran. Iraq remained a strong power under Saddam till the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003. Though, the US invasion ended a dictatorship but failed to provide stability, peace and a unified government in Iraq. The empowerment of the Shiia government in Iraq is also a victory of Iran on the ideological front as the US invasion has enabled Iran to achieve its targets without confronting directly with Saddam. . Since 2000 few events such as the US invasion of Iraq, Arab Spring and rise of Daesh transformed the traditional balance of power in favor of Iran. All these events helped Iran to enhance its ideological influence throughout the Middle East Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/linkage-between-us-invasion-of-iraq-arab-spring-and-emergence-of-daesh-beginning-of-new-era-for-iran https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Friends or Foes: An Editorial Discourse on Pak-US Relations Amna Zulfiqar Faiza Khalid Qasim Mahmood Haqqani Network Pak-US relations Critical Discourse Analysis Pakistan United States Historically, the relations between Pakistan and United States have hardly converged. Pakistan closely cooperated with US on the issues related to stabilization of peace, counter terrorism and on the issues concerning the presence of Osama bin Laden and Haqqani Network in Pakistan. Haqqani Network has been a source of diplomatic tension between United States and Pakistan relations. Therefore, the current study intends to examine that how the editorials of two English newspapers of Pakistani i.e., Dawn and The News covered Pak-US relations during the coverage of Haqqani Network by using the method of critical discourse analysis. The findings of the study revealed that the portrayal of Pak-US relations in both the newspapers is sympathetic towards Pakistan and at times contradictory. Moreover, both the newspapers have covered maximum themes and discourses which emphasized on negotiations between the three parties, trust deficit, and US confused strategy. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Media and Communication Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Media and Communication Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media and Communication Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/friends-or-foes-an-editorial-discourse-on-pakus-relations https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394785 2021-03-30 girr

Sunni-Shia Conflict Between Iran and Saudi Arabia: Causes and Way Forward Uroosa Ishfaq Uroosa Ishfaq Muneeba Shahid Sectarianism Iran Saudi Arabia Iranian Revolution The Sunni-Shia conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia has emerged as a significant source of tension in the Middle East. This article examines the root causes of this religious and geo-political rivalry, emphasizing historical, ideological, and geopolitical factors. It also explores potential avenues for resolution, including diplomatic engagement, dialogue, and international mediation. As the conflict's continuation poses serious threats to regional stability and security, understanding its underlying causes and promoting peaceful coexistence is imperative for a more stable and prosperous Middle East. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Women University Swabi, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholor, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Women University Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/sunnishia-conflict-between-iran-and-saudi-arabia-causes-and-way-forward https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395994 2021-06-30 girr

A History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, the Origins of the Arab - Israeli Conflict Balfour Declaration Palestinian Jewish people The Arab-Israeli conflict, originating in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, has been a long-standing conflict involving political Zionism, the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and subsequent wars. Key issues such as territorial disputes, Jerusalem's status, the right of return for Palestinian refugees, and security concerns have remained contentious, hindering a comprehensive resolution. International involvement has been a constant feature of the conflict, with superpowers and global institutions playing roles in peacekeeping efforts and negotiations. The Oslo Accords in the 1990s attempted to address some issues through mutual recognition, but progress has been intermittent. The ongoing struggle for self-determination by the Palestinian people and Israel's security concerns continue to shape the conflict's trajectory. Achieving a just resolution requires nuanced diplomacy, compromise, and a commitment to addressing the legitimate grievances of all parties involved. Humanity Publications 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/a-history-of-the-arabisraeli-conflict-the-origins-of-the-arab-israeli-conflict https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An Analytical Study of Tourism Development in Northern Areas of Pakistan and AJK: A Study from the CPEC Perspective Ghulam Nabi Nazir Haider Shah Kiran Khalid CPEC Infrastructure Development OBOR Tourism Industry Tourists Gilgit Baltistan Murree Neelam Muzaffarabad Banjosa Tolipeer The CPEC is a mega project with international significance between Pakistan and China. This mega construction project has 54 billion US dollars' worth ranging from roads, railways and ports. Both countries claim that this will bring economic and political stability to the south Asian region that links Gwadar port of Pakistan with Kashgar in western China. Besides this, the link will also pass through Muzaffarabad the capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the Gilgit area. This research investigates factors affecting tourism in the context of CPEC in the northern areas of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. This research used a self-developed research questionnaire to collect primary data from tourism-related officials in Pakistan and Chinese workers working on different projects in Pakistan. SPSS statistical software was used to gain descriptive and inferential statistics for analysis. The key finding of this research is that there is a lack of proper awareness among the public and institutional workers to understand how to gain advantages from this project. It has been noted that CPEC will be helpful to develop the tourism sector if proper exposure and training will be given to the relevant employees. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Business Administration, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/an-analytical-study-of-tourism-development-in-northern-areas-of-pakistan-and-ajk-a-study-from-the-cpec-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Contemporary World Mehnaz Begum Shabir Ahmed Khan Muhammad Zubair Khan Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Rule of Law (ROL) Rule of law and ADR are one of the benchmark in determining the underdeveloped world from the developed. Therefore, in today’s contemporary world, the role and application of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is increasingly attracting attention in legal and academic discourses. Its application in various jurisdictions particularly is said to strengthen the rule of law. From a development perspective, the main aim of ADR is to increase the possibilities and opportunities for the underprivileged to attain maximum social, economic and legal rights in their daily lives. This in turn helps the rule of law to sustain and consolidate contributing to human security, well-being, and dignity- a vital component for progress and socio-economic developed. ADR modes in a supplementary component in legal domain such as commercial arbitration and court-annexed mediation in civil litigation, also provides immense benefits for development.The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the efficacy of ADR modes in different jurisdictions. It then examines how ADR impacts the rule of law. The paper finds that the adoption of various ADR modes has made a considerable impact in various jurisdictions. Humanity Publications PhD Candidate (Area Study Center Peshawar), Lecturer, Sharia and Law Department, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Director, Area Study Centre (Russia, China & Central Asia), University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Law, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/alternative-dispute-resolution-in-the-contemporary-world https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:393895 2022-09-30 girr

Peripheral Cold War: A Perspective Study of India and Pakistan Relations Abrar Ul Haq Mubeen Adnan Balance of Power Bipolarity Identity Peripheral Cold War Politics of Security Strategic Environment India and Pakistan have long history of animosity which is evident in their bilateral relations. Defining the politics of security is an attempt to first develop the comprehensive definition of security in India Pakistan case and engender certain knowledge that how the threats are surfacing in other aspects of state affairs. The political, economic and social sectors have associated with security while strategic relations of India and United States to counter China are also very important aspects of Pakistan security proposition. This research paper seeks to have a latest oversight to observe how these changing relations might incriminate the strategic environment of South Asia and specifically in Pakistan India relations and how the strategic importance of these periphery’s lead them to cooperate with strong states to get the military and economic benefits. The conflict and strategic relations with the powerful states to maintain the balance of power, forms the peripheral cold war. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/peripheral-cold-war-a-perspective-study-of-india-and-pakistan-relations https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Indian Hegemonic Design in South Asia: Implication for Regional Stability Nimra Sajjad Tajjalla Munir Sharmeen Batool India Hegemonic Design South Asia Regional Stability Modi Global Politics India's political expansion in the south Asia region has arisen a question in scholars' minds, is India perceive itself as a regional hegemonic power? Since Indian 14th Prime Minister Narendra Modi took the oath, a visible change can be seen in Indian external behavior. PM Modi is adopting a new policy and is present as a major actor in Global politics. The security domain of the South Asian region is the center of flux because of two rival nuclear powers India and Pakistan. The craze of acquisition of nuclear power cannot be retracted by both states but it is a matter of concern to maintain credible deterrence. This paper will elaborate in detail how Indian hegemonic designs can impact regional stability. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of International Relations, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of International Relations, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. BS, Department of International Relations, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/indian-hegemonic-design-in-south-asia-implication-for-regional-stability https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Dynamics of Sino Russian Cooperation: History and future Prospects Muhammad Yasin Sultan Raja Muhammad Rehan Zafar Sidra Sulman Malik Sino-Russian USA Arab Spring Western Political Block After the end of the cold war international politics had moved from bi-polar to uni-polar resulting in instability. The United States of America to achieve her geo strategic interests took aggressive action which made other states insecure. We have witnessed a rise in the number of wars happened in the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. The Middle East is still facing the aftershocks of Arab Spring and the Europe is still divided the way it was during the cold war. To counter the hegemonic designs of the United States of America and its allies Sino Russian cooperation has tried to balance the dynamics of International power power politics. This Sino Russian cooperation is based on an economic, strategic and political level. The very nature of this Sino Russian cooperation revolves around the integration of interests and inclusiveness of other likeminded states. In the second decade of the 21st Century this cooperation has evolved at the international level as an alternative to the Western political block led by the USA Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, NUML, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, NUML, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of International Relations, NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/dynamics-of-sino-russian-cooperation-history-and-future-prospects https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394004 2022-12-30 girr

Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies Samza Fatima Syed Kaleem Imam Mohsin Raza Islamophobia Anti-Westernization Islamophobia symptoms Hate Speech Hostility Religion remains a significant source of intolerance, discrimination, and marginalization all across the world, despite efforts to eradicate it. In recent times, religious activities have fostered fear, suspicion, and other bad sentiments among their respective believers, rather than fostering unity and mutual tolerance. In the media, there is a common refrain claiming Islam is the cause of a string of terrorist incidents. Resultantly, various governments are anxious about and mistrust of Muslims (Islamophobia), and on the other side, a western phobia is on the increase. This paper systematically reviews the aspects of Islamophobia and western phobia that have repercussions for peace in the world and peaceful coexistence. According to the findings of the study, an increase in Islamophobic attacks and religious intolerance around the world has presented a grave risk to global concord and unity. Humanity Publications Associate Professor of Law / Principal, University Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Former Secretary, Narcotics Control Division, Former Inspector General Police, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, University Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/emerging-trends-of-west-phobia-in-muslim-societies-and-islamophobia-in-western-societies-reasons-and-remedies https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Humanitarian Crisis in Syria and International Response Muhammad Usman Ullah Amna Munawar Khan Areeja Syed Humanitarian Crisis Syria International Response Refugees Military Efforts As the Syrian conflict in the Middle East stands still, the humanitarian situation is further deteriorating. The scale and magnitude of the conflict constitute one of the largest crises of our time, posing significant challenges to the humanitarian architecture. Thus in view of resolving the worst situation of the humanitarian crisis in Syria this study aims to evaluate and analyze the role of the International community in their response to the crisis by providing an overview of the modern Syrian conflict's history, the impact of the conflict, refugee flows and International power politics. Furthermore, the article is concluded with recommendations and ways for the international community to respond to the humanitarian crisis in Syria. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Politics and International Relation, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of DSS, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Masters Research Scholar (International Politics), School of Politics and International Studies, University of Hull, UK. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/humanitarian-crisis-in-syria-and-international-response https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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War on Terror and its Implications on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Uroosa Ishfaq Kashif Ashfaq Muhammad Haroon US War on Terror KP Al-Qaida Militants Afghanistan Pakistan’s role as a front-line country for the US in the War on Terror has profound implications for its domestic politics and foreign policy. With a majority Pashtun population, KPK has been a target of the War on Terror because of its social setup, cultural restraints, and the faith of its population at the boundary with Afghanistan. The socio-cultural similarities and geographical proximity with Afghanistan have made it important for Al-Qaeda militants. The War on Terror in KPK had negative political, economic,and social repercussions for the area and as a result, created hatred in the Pashtuns. This paper is an attempt to analyze the elements which made the Pashtuns of this place vulnerable to militancy. It explores the political, economic, and social implications of the War on Terror for KPK and its Pashtun populace specifically. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Shaheeed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholor, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, National Institute of Pakistan Studies (NIPS), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/war-on-terror-and-its-implications-on-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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US Withdrawal from Syria: Implications and Challenges Ashfaq Ahmed Maryam Tahir Noor Saeed Khattak US-withdrawal Syria ISIS International Intervention Stakeholders This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the prospects and challenges faced by the region, stakeholders, and the Syrian nation after the US withdrawal from the Syrian conflict. Conflict arises due to the varied principles and values of the parties involved, leading to hostility and disagreement. The paper discusses the implications of the US withdrawal, including the impact on the Syrian Kurdish community and the potential re-emergence of ISIS as a global threat to world peace. Furthermore, the withdrawal is likely to give Russia, Iran, and the Syrian regime a significant advantage in the Syrian conflict, which will have far- reaching consequences for the region and stakeholders involved. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relation, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relation, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/us-withdrawal-from-syria-implications-and-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394101 2022-12-30 girr

The Second Libyan Civil War: Its Fundamental Causes and Consequences Saima Gul Saif Ur Rehman Hajra Nasir Autocracy Libya Civil War and Libyan Revolution The Second Libyan Civil War is a complicated conflict with a wide variety of parties involved and a variety of competing objectives. The conflict has had a devasting effect not just on the people of Libya but also on the surrounding area as a whole; nonetheless, efforts to end the conflict and create a peace that is sustainable are still ongoing. Allegations of foreign intervention and a proxy war being conducted on Libyan soil have arisen as a direct result of the fact that many foreign countries have supported different parties in the conflict. The battle has also had enormous repercussions for the surrounding region as well as internationally. In this research paper, we will analyze the fundamental reasons for the crisis, as well as the involvement of foreign powers and the effects those powers have had on the problem. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Research Fellow Global Policy and Research Institute Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-second-libyan-civil-war-its-fundamental-causes-and-consequences https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394197 2023-03-30 girr

The Nation, Nationalism and Ethno-nationalism: A Theoretical Discourse Azhar Mahmood Abbasi Munnaza Mubarak Muhammad Saad Arshad Nation Nationalism Ethno-nationalism Ideologies Discourse Philosophies Communities People or masses that are united by their common culture, language, history, descent and distinct ideas in a specific country or territory known as a nation. Moreover, nationalism is an idea or a movement where a nation fits in the state. As a nation, it tends to promote the interest of a group of people. The word 'nationality' has been in mutual use in third-world countries to designate ethnolinguistic communities. The term ethno nationalism is a form of nationalism and basic understanding in the regard to ethnic ties and ethnicity as a core component of experiences and conception of nations. Exclusivist ethnonationalism denotes the compartmentalization among various entities while living in a similar territory. The current study explores the origin, evolution and growth of nation, nationalism and ethnonationalism. How these three ideologies are different from each other. The study also reveals the major stakes of the theorist on these three philosophies. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. HOD Pakistan Studies, Aspire Group of Colleges.” 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-nation-nationalism-and-ethnonationalism-a-theoretical-discourse https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394257 2023-03-30 girr

International Development Partner's Role in the Empowerment of Women Through Education in South Punjab (2001-2020) Ishrat Noureen Robina Yasmeen Women Empowerment Programs Initiatives and Strategies Sustainable Development Goals Role of international development partners to empower women through the provision of education in South Punjab (2001-2020) has been significant for the promotion of gender equality and empowering women in the region. The study utilizes a qualitative research design and employs the document analysis method to collect data from relevant documents including reports and publications by international development partners and government agencies. The data is analyzed using thematic analysis and the findings are presented in the form of themes and sub-themes. In conclusion, this study highlights the critical role of international development partners in the promotion of the rights of women through the provision of education facilities and gender equality in South Punjab. These challenges include cultural and societal norms, inadequate funding, and lack of political will. The study recommends that international development partners continue to work in collaboration with government agencies and social organizations to address these challenges and promotion of rights of women and gender equality in the region. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/international-development-partners-role-in-the-empowerment-of-women-through-education-in-south-punjab-20012020 https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Geopolitics of Energy: Pakistan-China Energy and Economic Corridor for Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan Izzat Raazia Kishwar Munir Imran Rafique Geopolitics Energy China-Pakistan Poverty Renewables The growing energy partnership between China and Pakistan is one of the most promising avenues for reducing poverty in Pakistan. This China-Pakistan Energy Cooperation has a strong potential to address the energy crisis in Pakistan that is a high priority. Opportunities for energy cooperation, such as building power plants, transmission lines, and other infrastructure, have expanded due to this partnership. The collaboration in this arena has helped reduce poverty and boost economic growth in Pakistan by giving the country access to abundant and low-cost energy resources. This paper tries to explore China’s cooperation in building energy infrastructure in Pakistan and a paradigm shift towards renewable energy resources such as hydel, coal, solar, wind and nuclear will reduce its reliance on the Gulf States. The objective of this paper is to investigate China and Pakistan's energy cooperation after realizing its potential that can help reduce poverty in Pakistan. The discussion, analysis and findings indicate that energy security will reduce poverty and lead to economic prosperity in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Doctoral Candidate, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/geopolitics-of-energy-pakistanchina-energy-and-economic-corridor-for-poverty-alleviation-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394426 2023-03-30 girr

The Geopolitical Implications of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Ayesha Alam Abdul Waheed Mehvish Noor ul Islam China Pakistan Geopolitics Implications The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a major infrastructure and economic development project that has attracted significant interest due to its geopolitical implications. This article examines the many facets of CPEC and its impact on the region. The introduction summarizes CPEC and provides the article statement, emphasizing the research focus on geopolitical implications. The historical context section examines the origins of CPEC and details the motivations and goals that led to its creation. The economic impact of the CPEC is examined, highlighting the corridor's benefits, challenges and infrastructure development projects. In addition, the article examines the geopolitical implications of the CPEC and assesses its impact on the balance of power in South Asia and the wider Indo-Pacific region. Perspectives and responses from neighbouring countries and international organizations are also taken into account. The article concludes by summarizing the important findings and emphasizing the policy implications for Pakistan, China and other stakeholders. Future prospects and situations are examined and recommendations for further research are given. Humanity Publications Head of Pakistan Studies Department, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of History & Politics, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Teaching Assistant, Department of Pakistan Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-geopolitical-implications-of-the-chinapakistan-economic-corridor https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394433 2023-03-30 girr

Iran-Saudi Arabia Rapprochement: A Perspective of Neoclassical Realism Maryam Nawaz Asif Amin Muhammad Faizan Asghar Rapprochement Geo-economics Geo-Strategic China Iran Saudi Arabia This paper examines the recent rapprochement between Iran and Saudi Arabia and explores the mediating role of China in the Peace deal. By employing the theoretical framework of Neoclassical Realism (NCR), the research surveys the complex dynamics of Saudi-Iran relations, considering both domestic and international factors. The research discusses the historical context of their strained relationships, driven by geostrategic, geopolitical ambitions and proxy conflicts. China's involvement in brokering the Iran-Saudi Peace deal emphasizes its strategic and security interest in the region and solidifies its use of economic leverage to advance diplomatic objectives. It then delves into the actions and motivations of Saudi Arabia and Iran in pursuing reconciliation. The paper concludes that the Saudi-Iran rapprochement and China's mediation signify a potential breakthrough in the conflicts of the Middle East, offering prospects for stability. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar in International Relations, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences (SISS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, International Relations, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/iransaudi-arabia-rapprochement-a-perspective-of-neoclassical-realism https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Framing War on Terror: Analyzing the Editorials of Mainstream English Newspapers of Pakistan Qaisar Shehzad Farooq M. Zafar Iqbal Ashraf Iqbal War on Terror Framing Editorials Dawn The News Taliban and Osama Bin Laden In the aftermath of September 11, Osama Bin Laden has been declared the mastermind of the attacks and al-Qaida and the Taliban has been considered strong outside enemies. In the dusk of 9/11 Global War against Terrorism has been launched by the United States and its allies to counter terrorism in any region and to eradicate extremism from all over the world. Mediated treatment of this un-ended war gives rise to questions that how media prioritize some issues to serve the policy objectives and how media frame events on specific dimensions (Altheide 2007). Pakistan due to its geo-strategic position has attained the status of a front-line state and Pakistani media go hand in hand with mainstream media in War against Terrorism. This study aims to investigate how the Pakistani media frame War on Terror in its editorials toeing foreign policy objectives and international relations of Pakistan with the United States (Abbas 2003). Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/framing-war-on-terror-analyzing-the-editorials-of-mainstream-english-newspapers-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Post-US Withdrawal Situation in Afghanistan: Implications for Pakistan Amer Liaquat Chattha Terrorism Security Human Rights Due to geographical, ethnic and cultural proximity, Pakistan has advantaged and suffered like jugular vein from the peace and conflict-ridden circumstance of Afghanistan. Daniel S. Markey in his book analogizes Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the USA with three sinners who were trapped in hell and tormented each other for decades (Markey, 2013). The primary purpose of this article is to examine the effects of post-US withdrawal on Pakistan being a neighbouring country. This research paper also delves into the situation in Afghanistan under the Taliban regime and their relationship with TTP. Taliban are sitting at the helm of affairs who had close relations with Pakistan and ideological leanings with TTP which remained active and involved in terrorist activities in Pakistan. After identifying the core problems, some recommendations are suggested by applying the theory of economic integration and behavioural decision-making, to re-establish stability in this region. Humanity Publications Deputy Director Research, Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/postus-withdrawal-situation-in-afghanistan-implications-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Power Competition in the Middle East: Emerging Alliance of Turkey And Qatar, and Response of Saudi Arabia Naila Afzal Zahid Yaseen Turkey-Saudi Arab-Qatar Relations Arab Uprising Events of Arab Spring Formation of Blocs Turkey-Qatar Alliance This study describes the domestic influences, ideational factors, and power dynamics in the wider Middle Eastern and Gulf region. The study has examined the burgeoning rapprochement of Qatar and Turkey particularly post-Arab Spring and its implications for Saudi Arabia. After the Arab Spring, the Middle East presented a tripolar structure where the Turkey-Qatar alliance and their sympathy with the Muslim world formed a third bloc which is called the moderate resistance bloc. This study is based on qualitative research methodology. The ramifications of the study explored that to avoid the dominance of politics and status quo blocs, the moderate resistance bloc strived to play a balanced role by adopting the pragmatic approach in its regional and global engagements. The study recommends that all three countries should promote sustained diplomatic dialogue. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Department of Political Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor & Chairperson, Department of Political Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/power-competition-in-the-middle-east-emerging-alliance-of-turkey-and-qatar-and-response-of-saudi-arabia https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Post-2021 situation in Afghanistan: Implications on Regional Security Nosherwan Adil Ayesha Rana Beenish Khan Talibian Regional Security Humanitarian Crisis International Response Human Rights The circumstances in Afghanistan beyond 2021 will have a significant impact on the dynamics of regional security. After foreign forces left Afghanistan, the Taliban took over and the country saw a dramatic political upheaval. Concerns have been expressed by neighboring nations and others over this change in power. The dynamic circumstances present obstacles to the stability of the area, with possible ramifications for commerce, security, and geopolitics. A difficult security environment has resulted from worries of rising terrorism sparked by the Taliban's comeback. As a result of regional powers reassessing their approaches to deal with the shifting circumstances, alliances, and diplomatic relations are becoming less secure. A cooperative regional strategy is required to address common security issues and advance stability in light of the current circumstances. In the post-2021 Afghan environment, fostering a safe and prosperous future requires balancing the interests of diverse stakeholders while navigating the complex geopolitical terrain. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/post2021-situation-in-afghanistan-implications-on-regional-security https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Core Member and the Success of Regional Organizations: A Study of China's Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Hameed Ullah Khan Shan Zeb Mutaseem Billah SCO China Multilateral Regional Cooperation The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), established in 2001, promotes cooperation in trade, economics, scientific technology, and energy. China, a key player in the group, has implemented measures to ensure fair distribution of its gains through regional cooperation and integration. China has proposed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to boost economic cooperation and connectivity in the SCO region. It has also offered financial assistance and technical expertise to other member states to boost infrastructure development and economic growth. China pledges to strengthen cooperation in trade, energy, and security, requiring cooperation and compromise for mutual benefits. These initiatives demonstrate China's commitment to regional cooperation and willingness to make sacrifices. In conclusion, China is now in favour of the SCO playing a bigger geopolitical role. Presently, China portrays the SCO as a vibrant and active alliance that aims to position itself as the protector of regional and international security. Humanity Publications PhD. Scholar, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil, Department of Political Science, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. BS International Relations, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/core-member-and-the-success-of-regional-organizations-a-study-of-chinas-role-in-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Attrition of U.S.-Pakistan Relations under the Trump Administration: Causes and Consequences Saima Razzaq Khah Azmat Ali Shah Rubab Haqqani Network India’s Influence Pakistan Struggles Trump Administration Taliban USAID War on Terror Pakistan is a key ally in the Afghanistan war. This paper aims to analyze the fundamental changes in US policy towards Pakistan during the Donald Trump era. The sixteen-year struggle of US and NATO forces on Afghan soil was crushed by the Taliban. The US changed policies on the Afghan issue & made Pakistan a scapegoat. The allegations against Pakistan with the help of militants were installed in Pakistan to hide the US's false ambition to control Afghan land. The US policymakers in the Afghan war wanted to escape from the war region. All the war indiscretions were ignored at once & Pakistan alone was criticized for helping the militants of the Haqqani network. After analysis, the paper has shown the US steps against Pakistan during the Trump era. The aid & reimbursement payments and policies of the US are critically examined in this paper during the Trump era against fundamental objectives & sovereignty of Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Political Science, Gomal University, D I Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Gomal University, D I Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-attrition-of-uspakistan-relations-under-the-trump-administration-causes-and-consequences https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Thirsty Nations, From Conflict to Cooperation: Navigating the Climate Change Implications on Pak-Afghan Hydro-Politics Muhammad Faizan Asghar Maryam Nawaz Kishwar Munir Climate Change Human Health Food Production Energy Consumption The security landscape is constantly evolving, encompassing a broader range of non-traditional threats such as environmental, human, food, health, and social security. Water security and related environmental and social threats are significant in this expanded understanding of security. Globalization, urbanization, industrialization, population growth, and the depletion of natural resources pose more realistic risks than conventional military threats. Environmental issues can lead to conflicts between national and local stakeholders, as warned by Ismael Serra Gildin, former Vice President of the World Bank. This article aims to consider water as a non-traditional security threat and explore its impact on Pak-Afghan relations by analyzing water politics' influence and its economic implications for both states. By bridging hydro politics and regional implications, this study paves the way for future research to incorporate the climate perspective in understanding state relations, which is crucial in the current context. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, International Relations, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, International Relations, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/thirsty-nations-from-conflict-to-cooperation-navigating-the-climate-change-implications-on-pakafghan-hydropolitics https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Geo-Strategic Significance of Wakhan Corridor for Pakistan Tehzeeb Ul Hassan Ayesha Khan Muhammad Ismail Geo-strategic Economic Significant Wakhan Afghanistan China Tajikistan Badakhshan Silk Road Pakistan The Wakhan Corridor, a tiny strip of land in Afghanistan's northeastern area, is vital to Pakistan's geostrategic and economic interests. This research investigates the corridor's numerous dimensions and their consequences for Pakistan's interests. The Wakhan Corridor offers Pakistan a critical geostrategic buffer zone between itself and Central Asia. Because of its location, Pakistan can efficiently handle its border with Afghanistan while still maintaining strategic depth in the region. The corridor acts as a physical barrier, preventing conflicts and instability from spreading into Pakistan's territory. Furthermore, it provides Pakistan with a potential gateway to Central Asian markets, improving connectivity and trade opportunities in the region. The Wakhan Corridor plays a vital role in regional stability and cooperation. Economically, the Wakhan Corridor has enormous potential for Pakistan's energy and trade sectors. The region is thought to be rich in natural resources, such as hydrocarbon deposits, minerals, and precious stones. Humanity Publications Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Karakorum International University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of History, Government College University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Studies, Karakorum International University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/geostrategic-significance-of-wakhan-corridor-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Operation Zarb-e-Azb in the Global Wire Services: A Framing Analysis Abid Zafar Syed Inam ur Rahman Mariam Asif Operation Zarb-e-Azb Global Wires Framing AFP AP Reuters Pakistan has become a victim of terrorism after its involvement in the ongoing war on terror. The country has lost thousands of civilians and security personnel in this American-led war. Though, Pakistan has always been treated negatively by the media organizations of elite nations. Operation Zarb-e-Azb was a combined military action of the Pakistan army against the armed insurgent groups in North Waziristan which was launched in the year 2014. The current study attempted to examine the framing of Operation Zarb-e-Azb in global wire services. For this purpose, AFP, AP and Reuters were selected. Through the technique of convenient sampling, a total of 300 news items from the entire period of operation were selected for analysis.Quantitative as well as qualitative content analysis and interpretive analysis have been used as a research design for this study. The results indicated that the global wire services framed the news stories of military operations in a positive way. The terrorism and militant threat frame was more dominant in global wires as compared to other frames. The results also revealed that the global wires framed this operation differently by representing the foreign policy and interests of their respective states. Humanity Publications M.Phil, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/operation-zarbeazb-in-the-global-wire-services-a-framing-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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SCO and the US: Convergence and Divergence of Interests Muhammad Ilyas Khan Kifayat Ullah Ferdos Jamal SCO USA Convergence Divergence Interests There were six autonomous Muslim countries in the area following the collapse of the USSR. They still had economic and security issues and were undeveloped. Together with China and Russia, three Central Asian states Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have agreed to establish an organization to settle their border disputes and address security concerns. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), was established as a defence alliance in 2001 to combat three evils (terrorism, extremism, and separatism). Due to the abundance of natural resources in the Central Asian region, regional and extra-regional powers also wish to demonstrate their presence in the area for the sake of their own national interests. By analyzing the secondary sources of data, it has been established that SCO has the capacity to make use of local resources.The USA wants to establish its influence in the Central Asian area as a superpower. The major countries have hegemonic aspirations in the area, particularly Russia, China, and the USA. The SCO and the USA do not directly oppose one another. A conflict between the US and the SCO members may result from the USA's backing for the democratic movement in the Central Asian States. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Political Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Political Science, Bolu Abbant Izzet Baysal Universitesi, Turkiye. MS Scholar of International Trade, School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/sco-and-the-us-convergence-and-divergence-of-interests https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Analyzing Post 9/11 Religious Freedom in Pakistan: A Case Study of Christian Minorities Naima Walter Minhas Majeed Khan Religious Freedom Minorities Christians USCIRF UDHR Christians constitute the most significant minority in Pakistan, a predominantly Muslim nation. After the 9/11 incidents, religious intolerance has surged, mainly targeting religious minorities, in particular the Christian community. This research aims to contextualize this narrative by delving into the increased discrimination and injustice faced by Christians following the United States’ global counter-terrorism campaign in 2001. The current state of affairs has become more challenging as the measures taken by the government to address religious extremism have not yielded the desired results. This research sheds light on how the escalating religious intolerance has led to the social exclusion and discrimination of Christian minorities in Pakistan. Despite Constitutional assurances of religious freedom, the government has struggled to provide adequate protection. This study identifies the challenges Christians face and proposes potential solutions by analyzing the past twenty-three years of literature. However, substantial efforts are still required to address the issues of religious freedom and intolerance. Humanity Publications PhD Candidate, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Research Supervisor/Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/analyzing-post-911-religious-freedom-in-pakistan-a-case-study-of-christian-minorities https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The History of Transformation from the Ideology of Pan-Islamism to Formal Leftism in Undivided India Mohammad Ayaz Communism Pan-Islamism Mujahidin Hijra Bolshevik Socialism This research paper explores the history of the evolution of formal leftism in undivided India, with special focus on the NWFP (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of Pakistan. Communist Party of India (CPI) was the first socialist political party of undivided India, which was originally founded in Soviet Tashkent in 1920 and was activated in undivided India in 1925. The history of the formation of CPI and formal leftism in undivided India tells us about a long process of transformation which underwent a great shift during the politically charged scenario of Khilafat-cum-Hijrat Movement. The early anti-colonial revolutionaries and the reformist leaders upholding Pan-Islamist ideology fused for a common fight against British imperialism in undivided India, which ended int widespread migration (Hijra) into Afghanistan and up and beyond Soviet Tashkent. A military school was founded in Tashkent for the training of Indian Muhajirin, and it was at this juncture that Muhajirin turned into socialist revolutionary, and who later founded formal leftism in India and Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer/In-Charge Chairman, Department of Pakistan Studies, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-history-of-transformation-from-the-ideology-of-panislamism-to-formal-leftism-in-undivided-india https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Power Transition, Neo Regionalism, and Neo Functionalism: Unraveling the Power Dynamics in BRICS Javeria Noor Sawal Umar Zaman Noor Fatima International Relations Theories Power Transition Dynamics BRICS International Relations theories play a crucial role in understanding the dynamics between nations. Therefore, this research paper explores the power dynamics in emerging nations through the lens of international relations theories, specifically focusing on the role of power transition, neo-regionalism, and neo-functionalism. Power transition theory examines the shifts in global power and influence among nations, shedding light on the changing dynamics within BRICS.Neo-regionalism highlights the growing trend of regional cooperation and integration, providing insights into the regional dynamics within BRICS. Neo-functionalism explores how functional cooperation in specific areas can lead to deeper integration and collaboration among the BRICS nations. By analyzing these theories, this research paper aims to unravel the power dynamics within BRICS and their implications for the international stage. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of how power is distributed and cooperation evolves within BRICS. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Qualified, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/power-transition-neo-regionalism-and-neo-functionalism-unraveling-the-power-dynamics-in-brics https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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BRICS the Major Emerging Economies: Prospects for a Multi-Polar World Javeria Noor Sawal Raees Anjum BRICS World Order Uni-polarity Multi-polarity Economic Bloc  The world has seen a major shift in the international power structure in the past two decades since 2001, when the term ‘BRIC’ originated. Jim O’Neil, a British economist, coined the acronym ‘BRIC’ in his research paper “Building Better Global Economic BRIC” for the first time. He was of the view that the countries ‘BRIC’ associating Brazil, Russia, India, and China would change the global economic governance. Later in 2010, South Africa’s inclusion in the grouping changed the acronym from BRIC to BRICS. The group of five major emerging economies aims to shape the world order, particularly by restructuring the global governance system and financial institutions. The following research paper attempts to highlight the role of BRICS in international politics and economy. Further, the significance of the study is contributed by the BRICS effective role in weakening the US hegemonic designs in the global order. Humanity Publications M.Phil., Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Hayatabad Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Hayatabad Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/brics-the-major-emerging-economies-prospects-for-a-multipolar-world https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Prospects of Peace–Prospects for Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Sahibzada Adil Munir Zainab Baig Muhammad Haroon Two-states Palestinians International Players Long-lasting Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is still unlikely, but it is also essential to the stability of the area. There is some optimism despite past tensions thanks to diplomatic attempts. Resuming conversations that promote mutual understanding and trust is one possible path. International players, such as the UN, might be crucial in promoting talks and guaranteeing a just and long-lasting settlement. Cooperation in the economy, which benefits Israelis and Palestinians equally, may be a driving force toward peace. Furthermore, any workable peace plan must consider the rights of all sides and acknowledge previous grievances. The chances for a long-lasting peace depend on a multidimensional strategy that includes diplomacy, economic growth, and a commitment to justice for all parties involved, as the international community acknowledges the importance of ending this war. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/prospects-of-peaceprospects-for-resolving-the-israelipalestinian-conflict https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395304 2023-06-30 girr

Digital Propaganda in South Asia: An Analytical Perspective Abdul Wadood Yousafzai Shabir Hussian Information Warfare Digital Propaganda India Pakistan Computational Strategies Conflicts State-sponsored campaign Algorithms This article examines the existing response strategies of Pakistan to Indian digital propaganda on the Kashmir Issue. By analyzing key propaganda strategies on X (formerly Twitter), state-sponsored X accounts, media reports, and academic scholarship, the researcher has identified a number of deficiencies in the prevalent approach and offers policy recommendations for better practices. Overall, this article recommends that Pakistan should articulate a response strategy that has clear objectives, is powered by algorithms and computational techniques, should include news actors, and utilize the void created by India's state-backed digital propaganda machinery. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Media Studies, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Media Studies, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/digital-propaganda-in-south-asia-an-analytical-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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South-South Cooperation for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Ramsha Qaiser South-South Cooperation Climate Justice Eco-Marxism Global South Climate Policy Adaptation Mitigation Reparations Environmental Rights This paper analyses SSC as a transformative response to the prevailing climate governance approach from the Global North. From an Eco-Marxist perspective, the study critiques the Global North's epistemic stranglehold, which sidelines localized Indigenous and feminist knowledge, holistically considering the climate. This paper looks into the theory of reparations and demonstrates the lack of responsibility as empty accountability while revealing the captive relationships fostered by the North. The study demonstrates how SSC equips Southern states towards decolonial climate action in South Asia and Africa, framed within justice, equity, and universal epistemologies. This research advocates for grassroots empowerment where women and the Indigenous take charge while calling for the balance of local and transnational regional governance climate governance, creating unity windows. The study proposes a post-capitalist climate framework rooted in degrowth, ecological rights, and resilience, with SSC being the focal point towards climate justice and sustainability. Humanity Publications Faculty Member, Department of International Relations, Quaid-e-Azam University and Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/southsouth-cooperation-for-climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394865 2023-09-30 girr

Legal Defense of US Drone Strikes in Pakistan Through the Prism of US Laws Najma Akbar Ijaz Khan Khattak Drones Targeted Killings Legality National Self-defence Legal Framework Modifications Congressional Order AUMF The US drone policy of targeted killings after 9/11 as part of its counter-terrorism efforts in Pakistan’s tribal areas has raised major serious concerns, particularly legal issues. This paper attempts to assess how US Laws defend drone strikes. US Congressional Order 1973, AUMF and its national self-defence right have mainly been focused on. The study is qualitative in nature and based on secondary sources. The results indicated the US approach to be based solely on its domestic laws and realist thinking. This indifferent legal analysis by the US is not acceptable for other legal regimes and requires certain modifications.Therefore the study recommends that rather than relying on a single state law the other legal circles and stakeholders may be given due share in deciding and finally adopting a well established international legal framework for drones. Only a consensus-based legal system can make drone use more effective in future wars. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Former Professor & Chairman Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Kp, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/legal-defense-of-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan-through-the-prism-of-us-laws https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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US Counter-Terrorism Sahel and Horn of Africa: Challenges and Opportunities Sahibzada Adil Munir US Counter Fear Based Oppression Territorial Accomplice Military Territorial Security Horns of Africa This paper will centre on the US counter-terrorism endeavours within the Sahel and Horn of Africa, counting the parts of military, political, and advancement efforts in combating psychological warfare.It'll dissect the challenges and openings of executing such a methodology, counting the complex political and security situations, the role of  territorial accomplices, and the ought to address fundamental variables such as destitution, marginalization, and administration issues. It'll moreover survey the viability and maintainability of US counter-terrorism endeavours within the locale. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/us-counterterrorism-sahel-and-horn-of-africa-challenges-and-opportunities https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Role of International Organizations in Addressing Humanitarian Crisis: A Comparative Analysis Fariah Mehboob Help Dispersion Coordination Instruments Reaction Techniques Worldwide Administration Multilateral Participation Calamity Administration This comparative investigation analyzes the part of universal organizations intending to help emergencies during the period from 2018 to 2020. Through an examination of different cases thinks about and reports, the ponder assesses the viability and inadequacies of universal organizations such as the Joined together Countries, Universal Ruddy Cross and Ruddy Bow Development, Médecins Sans Frontières, and others in reacting to emergencies around the world. By comparing their approaches, methodologies, and results over distinctive settings, this thinks about looking to distinguish designs, challenges, and best hones in compassionate mediation. The investigation investigates components such as coordination instruments, asset assignment, political elements, and nearby engagement to survey the general effect of worldwide organizations in moderating the impacts of emergencies and supporting influenced populaces. Experiences drawn from this investigation point to advise arrangement suggestions and move forward future compassionate reactions. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-international-organizations-in-addressing-humanitarian-crisis-a-comparative-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Rise of China and its Implications for the International Order: Analyzing China's Foreign Policy in the 2018-2020 Period Mariam Tahir Keywords; China International Order Foreign Policy Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Global Influence Regional Stability Global Governance This paper examines China's foreign policy and its impact on the international order from 2018 to 2020, a period marked by China's increasing global influence. It analyzes China's strategic initiatives, including the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its diplomatic efforts, to understand how they shape international relations. By employing a qualitative approach, including content analysis of official documents and speeches, this study explores China's motivations, objectives, and challenges in its pursuit of a more prominent role on the world stage. The findings suggest that China's foreign policy is driven by a desire for economic growth, regional stability, and a redefinition of global governance structures. However, its assertive behaviour has also led to tensions with other major powers, raising questions about the future of the international order. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-rise-of-china-and-its-implications-for-the-international-order-analyzing-chinas-foreign-policy-in-the-20182020-period https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Digital Diplomacy: Assessing the Impact of US Counter-Terrorism Initiatives in Africa Arsha Saleem Meer African Continent USA Terrorism Media Digital Diplomacy Human Rights Regional Security Complex Terrorism has rapidly become a new strategy of warfare and a critical security challenge, both in Africa and worldwide, in the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. Terrorism has continued to undermine people's fundamental human rights both directly and indirectly on the African continent, for example, contributing to large numbers of people being forcibly displaced from their homes or nations. Currently, there is a fast-expanding trend of terrorist operations throughout Africa, notably in the eastern, northern, and western areas. This article examines US counterterrorism initiatives in Africa via the prism of media tactics. This article delves into the complex network of digital communication strategies used by the US, illustrating how media is strategically used to support diplomatic efforts in Africa by influencing attitudes, shaping narratives, and shaping perceptions. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/digital-diplomacy-assessing-the-impact-of-us-counterterrorism-initiatives-in-africa https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:394976 2023-12-30 girr

Charting the Path to Stability: Lessons and Prospects for Peace in Sahel and Horn of Africa Nehal Khan Noor Saeed Sahibzada Adil Munir Horns of Africa Instability NATO Allies Endeavours Illuminations The Sahel and Horn of Africa face several continuing conflicts and difficulties that put the peace and security of the region in jeopardy. Finding lasting peace and security has proven a difficult task in the difficult and unstable Sahel and Horn of Africa regions. This paper undertakes a thorough analysis of the lessons learned from previous endeavours while imagining the path to stability. This investigation will highlight the difficulties while also illuminating viable routes that could result in permanent peace. The aims to produce practical suggestions for the United States, NATO allies, and the African Union by conducting an analysis of the available data, spanning a variety of sources including scholarly works, institutional reports, and expert interviews available online. Essentially, this acts as a knowledge summary and compass for moving forward and negotiating the challenging terrain in the direction of a more stable and secure Sahel and Horn of Africa. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of international Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of international Relations, National University Of Modern Languages, Islamabad,Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department Of International, Relations, University of, Peshawar. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/charting-the-path-to-stability-lessons-and-prospects-for-peace-in-sahel-and-horn-of-africa https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Between Allies and Adversaries: A Critical Appraisal of Pak-Afghan Relations During PTI Tenure (2018-2022) Sahera Khatoon Muhammad Adil Nawaz Khan Rahat Shabir Afghan Refugees Trade and Economic Cooperation Border Issue Security Cooperation Security This research focuses on analyzing the Pakistan-Afghanistan ties during the PTI government. The data is thoroughly sought and collected from reliable sources, including prior research studies and papers. During its tenure in 2018, the PTI Government encountered numerous obstacles and hurdles in its relationship with Afghanistan. The PTI government attempted to enhance bilateral relations through the augmentation of economic cooperation and diplomatic engagement. Among the numerous aims of the Imran Khan government, a key focus was to bolster economic cooperation. This encompassed the enhancement of commercial and economic activities, financial allocation, and interpersonal linkages. In addition, endeavours were undertaken to enhance the trade connectivity between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The PTI government facilitated the Peace Talk Process between Afghanistan and the United States. They also prioritized the resolution of issues through political means. Despite the extensive efforts made, the relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan has consistently been characterized by complexity, fragility, and friction. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar Department of International Relations, University of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/between-allies-and-adversaries-a-critical-appraisal-of-pakafghan-relations-during-pti-tenure-20182022 https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Navigating the Information Battlefield: Media Dynamics in Asia- Pacific Strategic Competition Arsha Saleem Meer Asia Pacific Media Dynamics India USA China Naval Cooperation Asia-Pacific is a region which covers almost forty-nine economies of the world. Geographically it covers China, Northeast-Asia and Southeast-Asia as well. This region got importance in current century due to economic and strategic competition between both super powers such as the United States and China. This competition started especially when China started to increased their influence in this region and to counter China, USA shift its policy from Middle East to Asia-Pacific. This article examines the complex interactions between media dynamics and Asia-Pacific's strategic competition. It explores the strategies and counterstrategies used by local players, shedding light on how important the media is in forming public opinion, molding narratives, and ultimately establishing power relationships in this intricate geopolitical environment. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/navigating-the-information-battlefield-media-dynamics-in-asia-pacific-strategic-competition https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Pakistan's Security Challenges after the Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan Muhammad Saad Khan Sehrish khan Amna Muzamal Pakistan Afghanistan Durand Line War on Terror Taliban Resurgence Extremism Security. Taliban seized power in Afghanistan after the US withdrawal on 15 August 2021. Because of the sudden withdrawal of the United States, a political and security vacuum has spread to all of the regional states, and the state system has also broken down. The purpose of this study is to identify the security challenges for Pakistan after the Taliban regime. This study will also comprehend the different security challenges like terrorist insurgencies, regrouping of TTP, Durand line issue, and spillover effect. The research paper used the theoretical perspective of Neo-Realism to better understand the behaviour of Afghanistan and Pakistan in contemporary times. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of International Relations, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant professor and Deputy Director of Education Department, Gujranwala Institute of Future Technologies University, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of International Relations, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/pakistan39s-security-challenges-after-the-taliban-takeover-in-afghanistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impacts of INDO US Maritime Cooperation on Pakistan Sahibzada Adil Munir Shahbaz Ahmed Warisha Rashid Maritime Security Indian Ocean Sea Routes Trade Routes Pakistan's marine security concerns are crucial to maintaining peace in the Indian Ocean area. Beyond its strategic importance in the great power dispute among the USA, India, and China, the Indian Ocean is also a vital commercial shipping lane for international trade. As 95 percent of Pakistan's trade relies on this sea route, the country is immediately affected by any occurrences in the Indian Ocean. We must maintain dependable maritime security since a robust navy is essential for conducting business. It is also a vital communication conduit throughout the world. Pakistan's marine security concerns are crucial to maintaining peace in the Indian Ocean area. Beyond its strategic importance in the great power dispute among the USA, India, and China, the Indian Ocean is also a vital commercial shipping lane for international trade. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Strategic Studies, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/impacts-of-indo-us-maritime-cooperation-on-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(VI-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395120 2024-03-30 girr

China's Growing Influence in the Middle East: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects Tallat Yasmin Qasim Shahzad Gill Ghulam Mustafa Middle East and North Africa (MENA) BRI (belt and road initiative) GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) UNSC (United Nations Security Council) CASCF (China- Arab Cooperation Forum) The Purpose of this research is to elucidate China’s influence on Middle Eastern Countries. Growth in infrastructure, influence in politics, energy collaboration, and innovation in technology, trade, and capital are some of the strategies that have defined China’s strategic involvement in the Middle East. Since China saw promise in development of infrastructure such as the Belt and Road Initiative, it has worked to strengthen economic relations and increase connectivity among nations in a region ripe with opportunities. However, the quest for it is not simple. Uncertainty in politics in the Middle East, characterized by crises and geopolitical concurrence, presents major dangers to the investment made by China and alliances. Other issues complicating China’s role in the region include rivalry with global powers, social and cultural contrasts, and reliance on resources. In spite of stabilizing the region, China’s influence in molding theemerging geopolitics of the Middle East is significant. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD, Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/chinas-growing-influence-in-the-middle-east-opportunities-challenges-and-future-prospects https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Afghanistan Post 2021: The Emerging Scenarios and the Options for Pakistan Muhammad Yasin Ahmad Sheraz Muhammad Shahid Afghanistan Taliban Pakistan Regional Stability Diplomatic Engagement Economic Cooperation Security Measures Humanitarian Crisis This article critically observes the political, economic, and security backgrounds in Afghanistan post-2021, following the Taliban's coming into power, and examines the successive implications for Pakistan. It provides a detailed analysis of evolving scenarios in Afghanistan, encompassing stabilization efforts, international reactions, and the ongoing humanitarian crunch. Additionally, the article discovers Pakistan's strategic options for navigating these improvements, with a particular highlighting on diplomatic engagement, economic cooperation, and security measures. The study highlights the essential importance of a stable Afghanistan for the stability of the wider region and keeps in mind the need for Pakistan to adopt a multifaceted approach to efficiently address the complex challenges and opportunities presented by the new Afghan reality. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil scholar, Department of International Relations, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of Politics and International Studies, Central China Normal University, Hubei, Wuhan, China. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/afghanistan-post-2021-the-emerging-scenarios-and-the-options-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395157 2024-03-30 girr

Pakistan's Response to International Commitments Regarding Women's Rights: A Case Study of the 4th UPR Cycle Kiran Fatima Muhammad Shahzad Amin Anwar Ali Fourth UPR Cycle Women's Rights Gender Equality International Commitments Grassroots Developments Using the 4th UPR cycle as a contextual inquiry, this pilot project seeks to investigate Pakistan's approach to addressing global commitments on women's rights. The purpose of this study is to examine Pakistan's efforts to promote gender equality and inclusion of women and to assess how the nation has implemented the recommendations of the fourth UPR cycle. The researcher thoroughly reviewed the exercises and efforts undertaken by Pakistan to improve women's liberties, especially due to the recommendations made by the fourth UPR cycle. Its experts likely understood what these plans meant for women in Pakistan based on the specific strategies and projections that were formulated. The finding helped to determine the main components that hindered or affected the fruitful implementation of these commitments during the fourth UPR cycle. Furthermore, this study explored the manners through which grassroots developments and general society groups have fought for women's emancipation in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor (OPS), Department of Political Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/pakistans-response-to-international-commitments-regarding-womens-rights-a-case-study-of-the-4th-upr-cycle https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Realist Perspective of the Iraq War after 9/11 Javaid-Ur-Rahman Zahid Yousaf Arshad Ali Realism Anarchy Power optimization Wars Competition The theory of relation is based on power politics. It gives importance to power and is related to achieving peace through power. Morgenthau believes the realism perspective is based upon a human's intrinsic nature. Thomas Hobbes in 'reductionisms as purpose' claim that inherently humans are bad. Power optimization is driving political realism and the balance of power maintains it. It is supposed that in the global system, the conflict between states is characterized by anarchy. In essence, human nature is anarchic, due to that everyone is in competition. In this study, the researchers attempt to throw light on different features of realism. It is discussed that the international system is more or less anarchical, as there is undisclosed competition every time. It is delineated that leaders are mainly involved in power politics After 9/11, George W. Bush, in order to gain power without consulting other countries chose to go for the Iraq War. Humanity Publications PhD. Scholar, Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor/Dean Faculty of Arts/Chairperson, Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/a-realist-perspective-of-the-iraq-war-after-911 https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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USA Espionage on Allies in Realm of Trust & Ethics Maria Naheed Qurat-Ul-Ain Shabbir Espionage Trust Deficit Ethics USA Allies Freedom Act Patriot Act Five Eyes Edward Snowden In the surge of violations of international law, the USA has been under the realm of abstruse introspection due to its unhinged efforts to destabilize the allied states' cyber networks. This abstract objectifies the maligned activities of the USA to possess control and command over its allies regardless of international standards of sovereignty and integrity. These practices abjure the trust and confidence building among nations, eroding their diplomatic, economic, and military relations. This research emphasizes the importance of historical events leading to the construction of the USA's robust and scrutinized policies regarding national and international security. Moreover, addressing international law, this paper emancipated the need for action against such violations. However, it also entails the policies and rules to regulate surveillance intelligence practices among alliances in order to ensure trust and retain diplomatic relations. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Ph.D scholar , Department of Defence and Strategic Studies (DSS), Quaid-e-Azam University , Islamabad, Pakistan. Research officer, The Centre for International Strategic Studies Azad Jammu and Kashmir (CISS-AJK), Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/usa-espionage-on-allies-in-realm-of-trust-ethics https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Aligning Housing Laws with UN Habitat's Mission: A Sustainable Development Goal Perspective Shahid Rizwan Baig Lubna Ghulam Sarwar UN-Habitat Sustainable Development Goals Housing Policies Urban Development Aligning housing laws with the mission of UN-Habitat and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is essential for achieving sustainable urban development and enhancing global living standards. This paper examines how housing policies can be integrated with UN Habitat's goals and the SDGs, focusing on creating equitable, resilient, and sustainable urban environments. It addresses current challenges, including affordability, climate resilience, and social inclusion, and proposes solutions such as strengthening policy frameworks, improving financial mechanisms, promoting community engagement, and advancing environmental sustainability. The study identifies common barriers to effective policy alignment, such as financial constraints and outdated regulations, and offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders. By aligning housing laws with global sustainability goals, the paper argues, we can better target SDGs related to sustainable cities, poverty reduction, and inequality, contributing to long-term sustainable development. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, College of Law, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Graduate College for Women, Ali Pur Chattha, Wazirabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/aligning-housing-laws-with-un-habitats-mission-a-sustainable-development-goal-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395165 2024-06-30 girr

Realist Perspective on US-Cuba Relations: A Critical Analysis Jazab-ur- Rehman Tooba Islam Ghulam Mustafa US-Cuba Relations Policy Recommendation Theoretical Perspective Realism The United States of America emerged as a dominant state in the world in the aftermath of WW II along with the USSR. Where the USSR fell and disintegrated in 1991, the USA kept its dominance and control over the world, especially across the American continent. The USA and Cuba had a long co-existing history, things took a strange turn after Fidel Castro took power by throwing Batista out. The USA's trade embargo on Cuba after the event added more fuel to the fire. With the disintegration of the USSR, the American foreign policy towards Cuba remained the same. Although in the 21st century, the Obama administration reviewed the US policy towards Cuba and showed some softness towards the island nation, it didn't make much difference. The main idea behind this research is to explore the theoretical Perspective on US-Cuba relations and give some policy recommendations for improved relations. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/realist-perspective-on-uscuba-relations-a-critical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role of Space Technology in India: The Perceived Threats and Recommended Measures for Pakistan Sheeba Irfan Ahmad Sheraz Muhammad Mukarram Babar India Space Technology Pakistan Security Threats Strategic Measures India’s advancements in space technology have had significant implications for the South Asian region, particularly for Pakistan's neighboring countries. These papers examine the perceived threats posed by India’s space capabilities and propose strategic measures for Pakistan to address these challenges. By analyzing India’s space program history, current capabilities, and potential military and economic impacts, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the strategic landscape. Furthermore, it offers recommendations for Pakistan to enhance its own space capabilities to improve its cybersecurity measures, form strategic alliances, and engage in diplomatic efforts to mitigate the risks associated with Indian space advancements. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Gujranwala Institute of Future Technologies (GIFT) University, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Mphil Scholar, Department of International Relations, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/role-of-space-technology-in-india-the-perceived-threats-and-recommended-measures-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395216 2024-06-30 girr

Role of China in Saudi-Iran Normalization: The Case of Soft Power Chaudhri Shahid Mehmood Aftab Ahmed Asia Karim China Saudi-Iran Conflict Soft Powers BRI Good Office Foreign Policy Saudi Arabia is considered the head of the Muslim Ummah due to its affiliations with the two most holy places of the Muslim world. The country in the Middle East is also widely popular due to its oil reserves and its active role in world politics. Recently, the state developed some diplomatic tensions with another Muslim state i.e. Islamic Republic of Iran. Several states have played a crucial role in normalizing the relations and conflict resolution including Pakistan, Iraq, China, etc. This paper highlights the role of China in normalizing the turmoil using soft power and providing a good office. China besides establishing regional stability and focusing on its Foreign Policy and its economic interests with the major oil exporters. Also, the global projects of China, including BRI, and CPEC could be influenced by the global tensions it is therefore crucial for China to maintain its own national interests. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/role-of-china-in-saudiiran-normalization-the-case-of-soft-power https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Analyzing the Russo-Ukrainian Conflict: Geopolitical Insecurities of Russia and Their Consequences in Eurasia Muhammad Naseeb Ikram Faizan Saeed Abdullah Amjad Ali Russia-Ukraine War Geopolitical Insecurity Defensive Realism Energy Crisis International Relations This research delves into the geographical and historical factors underpinning the Russia-Ukraine war, exploring Russia's expansive strategies and the role of geography in its foreign policy. It highlights the conflict's extensive implications across the Eurasian region, manifesting in crises like global food and energy shortages, and shifting geopolitical alliances. By examining Russia's defensive maneuvers against Western influences, the study offers insights into the complex dynamics of regional security, the motivations behind Russia's foreign policies, and the broader impacts of the war on global stability. Recommendations focus on diplomatic resolutions to mitigate the conflict's repercussions. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/analyzing-the-russoukrainian-conflict-geopolitical-insecurities-of-russia-and-their-consequences-in-eurasia https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395247 2024-06-30 girr

China's Economic Development Policy: An Analysis Marwa Riaz Anwar Ali Bilal Bin Liaqat China Economic Growth Foreign Investment BRI Technological Innovation This study aims to analyze several developmental policies of the Chinese government that have helped China in becoming a major global power. Several elements, such as its policy initiatives, global commerce, and investments, have been studied to analyze China's economic expansion and its political influence globally. This study examines the applicable literature through qualitative research methods to shed light on the role that China's developmental strategies played in the country's rise to global dominance. The study also considers how these policies have an impact on the country's progress and its rise as a major power. Although almost all policies were inspected yet results showed that the reforming and open-up policy of China is the key driver to its rise including the "Made in China 2025" program, and the "Belt and Road" plan as the most important initiatives. Developing nations should learn from China's effective infrastructure development, innovation, and economic policies. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, (OPS), Department of Political Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, (OPS), Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/chinas-economic-development-policy-an-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395588 2024-06-30 girr

Refugee Rights and International Law: Assessing Compliance and Violations Mehnaz Begum Nouman Ijaz Muhammad Umair Refugee Rights International Law Compliance Violations Political Factors Security Concerns Economic Constraints Refugee Protection This work aims to examine how effectively states in the global community have implemented the international laws of refugee protection, particularly the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol. The paper aims at analyzing the causes of the violation of rights of the refugees, in relation to the political, security, and economic factors that hinder the provision of legal protection. The research explores regional differences in refugee rights in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa and emphasizes the effects on refugees' health, employment, training, and health care.  Finally, the paper provides suggestions for augmenting cooperation between countries, improving compliance measures, and enhancing the financial assistance to be provided to the host countries for their lack of commitment to Refugee Law. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Sharia and Law, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Independent Researcher & Advocate Lower Court Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Research Assistant, Global Policy & Research Institute (GloPRI), Glasgow, Scotland, UK. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/refugee-rights-and-international-law-assessing-compliance-and-violations https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395317 2024-09-30 girr

An Analysis of US-Israel Relations: Impact on Palestine Ashar Azeem Bin Khalid Muhammad Zain Ishtiaq Tallat Yasmin Israel-US Relations Palestine Zionist Lobbies Humanitarian Crisis This research paper focused on the relationship between Israel and the United States of America. The United States and Israel have a unique relationship, something that might not be found within any bilateral relations. The Israelis and Americans have always supported each other in every field and avenue, from foreign policy to economic policy, etc. How this relation affects the Palestinian people and their cause to achieve a separate homeland needs to be discussed. The economic repercussions that the Palestinians face from the US-Israel relations shall also be discussed. Israel does not wish to see Palestine become an independent state, while on the other hand, the Americans have expressed their desire for a two-state solution, which would ensure stability in the region and less hostility towards Israel. The researchers have also employed different theoretical frameworks to better get an understanding of the conflict. Humanity Publications Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-usisrael-relations-impact-on-palestine https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395355 2024-09-30 girr

Pakistan's Diplomatic Ties with the Republic of Korea: A critical Analysis Tehseena Masood Ghulam Mustafa Gul-E-Zahra Diplomatic Ties Economic Cooperation Trade and Investment Cultural Exchanges The research is about the Pakistan's diplomatic ties with the Republic of Korea (ROK). It explains the historical context and latest status of Pakistan's relation with Republic of Korea. Pakistan and the Republic of Korea established diplomatic relations in 1983. The relationship between the two countries has been distinguished by economic cooperation, trade, and cultural exchanges. Both nations have looked to strengthen their ties through diplomatic conversation and collaborations on various regional and global programs. Bilateral trade and investment have played a notable role in enhancing the bond, with both countries attracting sectors such as electronics, textiles, and machinery. Trade between Pakistan and Republic of Korea has seen compatible growth. Pakistan's diplomatic relations with Republic of Korea shows how it balances economic gains, and strategic flexibility to manage its foreign policy goals. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/pakistans-diplomatic-ties-with-the-republic-of-korea-a-critical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395421 2024-09-30 girr

Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Impact on Pak-US Relations Tahir Imran Muhammad Ikramullah Khan Conflict Instability Invasion & Terrorism Conflict in Afghanistan, either Soviet invasion of Afghanistan or war on terror in post 9/11 period, has deep impact on Pak- US relations. In both the cases Pakistan got the status of the most important state strategically. It played important role as a front-line state to fight against the Soviet Union during Soviet attack of Afghanistan. As a result, America extended economic and military support to Pakistan. After the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan, American Foreign policy towards Pakistan was changed; it stopped all kind of economic and military support to Pakistan and imposed sanctions on it. Again, in post 9/11 attacks on American soil, America decided to attack Afghanistan and it needed Pakistan’s logistic support. Pakistan extended the required support and again became an important American ally in operation in Afghanistan. Thus, we may say, that conflict in Afghanistan has deep impact on Pak- US relations. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/conflict-in-afghanistan-and-its-impact-on-pakus-relations https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Evolving Role of Saudi Arabia in the Middle East: Challenges to Regional Diplomacy of MBS Syed Qandil Abbas Saba Anwar Khan Saudi Arabia Muhammad bin Salman Middle East Regional Diplomacy Individual Level of Analysis The state's role in regional and international affairs shifts with the leadership change, particularly when the new leader is younger and more ambitious than his predecessors. The role of Saudi Arabia has been evolving with the rise of de facto leader Muhammad Bin Salaman(MBS). As a foreign policy tool, Saudi Arabia, under the leadership of MBS, has chosen a particular diplomatic approach to lessen conflict, promote regional peace and stability, and develop its economy in order to gain more clout in the Middle East. So, what is the unique diplomatic regional approach of MBS, and why is KSA, under MBS's leadership, still facing serious challenges in the region? This study briefly explores Muhammad bin Salman's diplomatic initiatives toward regional countries with strained relations. This study highlights the challenges the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia faces under Muhammad bin Salman's leadership in achieving diplomatic success with regional countries. Humanity Publications Associated Professor, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of International Relations with Special Focus on Middle East, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-evolving-role-of-saudi-arabia-in-the-middle-east-challenges-to-regional-diplomacy-of-mbs https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Saudi Arabia's Foreign Policy Under MBS: Transition from Defensive Realism to Offensive Realism (2016-2023) Waqas Abdullah Mohammad Khatim Muhammad Irfan Ali Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman The Defense-to-Offense Overhaul Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 Saudi Regional Geopolitics Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy This study seeks to elucidate the underlying factors driving Saudi Arabia’s shift from defense realism to offensive realism, focusing on MBS’s authoritarian rule and structural reforms aimed at minimizing bureaucratic hurdles in security and defense decision-making. The research examines the kingdom’s transition from conservative foreign policies to a more activist stance, illustrated by its support for Palestine and its adoption of non-conventional approaches to address emerging challenges. Adopting the John Scott document analysis model and utilizing secondary data, this study delves into the nuances of Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy shift under MBS’s leadership. It examines how his leadership style, combined with Vision 2030 goals and objectives, reflects a post-ideologically motivated transition that seeks to assert power and influence in the Middle East. The research explores the potential implications of this shift on regional security, including the Yemen civil war, balance of power realignment, and Saudi Arabia’s relationships with Western partners. Humanity Publications Student of (BSIR) Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/saudi-arabias-foreign-policy-under-mbs-transition-from-defensive-realism-to-offensive-realism-2016-2023 https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:girrjournal.com:395518 2024-09-30 girr

Russia after the USSR: Social Changes and Political Reforms Zaiba Sarwar Abdul Qader Nida Nisar USSR Disintegration Russia Social Changes Political Reforms Decentralization The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 signaled the beginning of a new era–both social and political–in Russia's history. It looks at how the nation–leading social changes, such as the redefinition of the national identity, demographic challenges i.e., population decline and aging, and migration patterns that shaped the makeup of society–have impacted the nation. It also examines simultaneous political reforms such as creating a multi-party system, altering the electoral process, the attempt to decentralize, the privatization of state assets, and reforms in the judiciary and constitutional frameworks. By looking at the way that these factors interact, the article argues that Russia is trying to square the circle between systemic collapse and the legitimate aspirations of modern statehood and governance in post-Soviet Russia. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Politics & IR, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, AJ&K, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, AJ&K, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/russia-after-the-ussr-social-changes-and-political-reforms https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Role of Regional Organizations in Conflict Resolution: A Comparative Study of ASEAN, AU, and the EU Saima Gul ASEAN African Union European Union Conflict Resolution Regional Organizations Peacebuilding International Relations In the meantime, regional organizations have emerged as key actors in conflict resolution who can contribute to managing and mitigating intra-regional tensions. The work in this paper compares and contrasts the roles and duties of three global regional organizations, namely, ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), AU (African Union), and EU (European Union) with respect to their role in conflict resolution. Comparatively, it's found       a panel that despite the existence of mechanisms for peacebuilding and political dialogue in the EU, the principles of noninterference and consensus among ASEAN states sometimes prevent it from being involved in internal conflicts in its member states. Through examination of their institutional frameworks, conflict intervention methods, and effectiveness, this study provides insights into the general role of regional organizations in international conflict resolution. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://girrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-regional-organizations-in-conflict-resolution-a-comparative-study-of-asean-au-and-the-eu https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2024(VII-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global International Relations Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan