ARTICLE

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN AS FEDERATIONS BRI

01 Pages : 1-7

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).01      10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).01      Published : Dec 2018

Comparative Study of India and Pakistan as Federations BRI

    This article conducts a comparative study of the federal structures in India and Pakistan. The study aims to understand the similarities and differences between the two federations and their impact on governance, democracy, and economic development. The article employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods to analyze the federal systems of the two countries. The analysis includes examination of the constitutional provisions, distribution of power between the central and state governments, and the role of regional political parties. The article provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the federal systems in India and Pakistan and offers suggestions for improvement. The findings of the study can contribute to the ongoing debate on federalism in both countries and provide valuable lessons for other countries with federal structures.

    Federalism, Provincial autonomy, democracy, Constitutional comparison.
    (1) Muhammad Bilal
    Lecturer, Department Political Science, Govt. Associate College, Chak Jhumra, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Sajida Begum
    Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Amina Farooq
    P.hD Scholar, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
  • John Mearsheimer, http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0034b.pdf
  • Mearsheimer declared that latent power and military power have a close relationship; however, they have different context. For more please see: John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001). 55-75
  • Colonel Harinder Singh, India's Emerging Land Warfare Doctrines and Capabilities, RSIS Working Paper Series 210 (Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2010). 3
  • John J. Mearsheimer, http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/kissingcousins.pdf.
  • John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. 148.
  • Afzal drew a detailed account on BJP and its foundations in RSS while Hindutva being the ideology. For more please see: Muhammad Mujeeb Afzal, Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian Muslims (Karachi: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2014).
  • The ideology gave birth to an organization called Rashtriya Swayamsavek Sangh (RSS) whom the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is the political wing - relentlessly pursuing the Hindutva ideology. Please see: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar., Hindutva, Fifth Edition (Bombay, India: Veer Savarkar Prakashan, 1969).
  • Mark A. Bucknam, Responsibility of Command: How UN and NATO Commanders Influenced Airpower over Bosnia (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 2003). 204-233.
  • Air Commodore Ramesh V. Phadke (Retd.), Air Power and National Security: Indian Air Force: Evolution, Growth and Future (New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 2015). 158.
  • Ibid. 151. Ibid. 157. Philip Campose,
  • Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Pakistan's Defense Policy, 1947-58 (New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990). 48-50
  • Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, The Armed Forces of Pakistan, The Armed Forces of Asia (Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2002). 97.
  • Ibid. 97. Ibid. 168. Many Indian authors argue that Pakistan's nuclear capabilities are a result of stolen materials. For more please see: Arvind Virmani, Trilateral Nuclear Proliferation: Pakistan's Euro-Chinese Bomb, IDSA Monograph Series 1 (New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 2006).
  • Phadke declared Pakistan to be
  • Zeeshan referred to Cold Start Doctrine as Pro-Active Strategy. For more please see: Maj. Muhammad Zeeshan Ali, Strategic Delusions - The Cold Start Doctrine: Proactive Strategy (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2016).
  • Heinz Guderian, Achtung-Panzer Die Entwicklung Der Panzerwaffe, Ihre Kampftaktikund Ihre Operatioen Moglichkeiten (Stutgart, Germany: Union Deutsche Verlagsgefellschaft, 1937).
  • Walter C. Ladwig III,
  • Baig and Iqbal drew a comparative study while highlighting the philosophical foundations of Cold Start being in German Blitzkrieg, please see: Muhammad Ali Baig and Hamid Iqbal,
  • Alan Brady Carr,
  • http://www.economist.com/asia/2016/09/22/guns-and-ghee
  • Philip Campose,
  • Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, The Armed Forces of Pakistan. 74
  • Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, N.Y.: Random House, 1988). 403.
  • Ali Ahmed, India's Limited War Doctrine: The Structural Factor, IDSA Monograph Series 10 (New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 2012). 43.
  • Maaike Verbruggen,
  • Eiichi Katahara, ed., Security Outlook of the Asia Pacific Countries and Its Implications for the Defense Sector, NIDS Joint Research Series, No.9 (Tokyo, Japan: Regional Studies Department, National Institute for Defense Studies, 2013). 135.
  • Ranjit Ghosh, Indigenization: Key to Self-Sufficiency and Strategic Capability. 81.
  • Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. 455
  • James Hackett, ed., The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics (London, England: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2017). 247
  • Kishore Bhattacharjee,
  • Surya Rashmi Rawat et al.,
  • Kishore Bhattacharjee,
  • For a detailed account on Operation Parakram please see: V. K. Sood and Pravin Sawhney, Operation Parakram: The War Unfinished (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003)
  • Shashank Joshi,
  • Ayesha Ray,
  • Steven J. Zaloga and Felipe Rodriguez, T-90 Standard Tank: The First Tank of the New Russia, New Vanguard 255 (Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2018). 13
  • Spencer C. Tucker, Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact, Weapons and Warfare (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2004). 186.
  • Steven J. Zaloga and Felipe Rodriguez, T-90 Standard Tank: The First Tank of the New Russia. 14-30.
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 290.
  • Ranjit Ghosh, Indigenization: Key to Self-Sufficiency and Strategic Capability. 139.
  • Spencer C. Tucker, Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. x. A rifled gun possesses such a barrel which has spiral linings on its inner side which gives it a spinning motion that in turn reduces the air friction and enhances the velocity of the projectile.
  • Spencer C. Tucker, Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. 18
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 290.
  • Spencer C. Tucker, Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. xi.
  • Ranjit Ghosh, Indigenization: Key to Self-Sufficiency and Strategic Capability. 23.
  • Masood Ur Rehman Khattak,
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 290
  • Special Correspondent,
  • http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/23/indias-indigenous- artillery-gun-dhanush-to-be-showcased-at-re_a_21660764/
  • Christopher F. Foss and James C. O'Halloran, IHS Janes's Land Warfare Platforms: Artillery & Air Defence 2016- 2017 (Surrey, UK: IHS JaneÂ’s, 2016). 338. Ibid.
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 290.
  • Franz-Stefan Gady, https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/india-signs-contract-for-100-self-propelled-howitzers/.
  • Franz-Stefan Gady, https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/cold-start-in-the-making-india-approves- purchase-of-100-self-propelled-howitzers/.
  • Ranjit Ghosh, Indigenization: Key to Self-Sufficiency and Strategic Capability. 23.
  • Stephen P. Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta, Arming without Aiming: IndiaÂ’s Military Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2010). 22.
  • Admin, https://www.strategicfront.org/israeli-assault-rifles-journey-prospects- india/.
  • Stephen P. Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta, Arming without Aiming : India's Military Modernization. 62.
  • Sobia Hanif,
  • Colonel Dr. Raja Muhammad Khan,
  • Sobia Hanif,
  • Colonel Timothy M. Laur and Steven L. Llanso, Encyclopedia of Modern U.S. Military Weapons, ed. Walter J. Boyne (New York, United States of America: The Berkley Publishing Group, 1998). 261-263.
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 291.
  • Ayesha Ray, The Effects of Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons on Civil-Military Relations in India.
  • Air Commodore Zia ul Haque Shamsi,
  • Ranjit Ghosh, Indigenization: Key to Self-Sufficiency and Strategic Capability. 139
  • Maaike Verbruggen,
  • SP's Special Correspondent, http://archive.is/CwIaM
  • Prashanth Parameswaran, https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/india-to-supply-torpedoes-to-myanmar/.
  • Rajat Pandit, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-steps-up-supply-of-military- equipment-to-myanmar-to-counter-china/articleshow/57815200.cms
  • https://sputniknews.com/military/201703271052010207-india-torpedo-order/.
  • Mearsheimer explained the importance of water in stopping an amphibious attack. Please see: John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. 119-125
  • Colonel Dr. Raja Muhammad Khan,
  • Harsh V. Pant, ed., The Rise of the Indian Navy: Internal Vulnerabilities, External Challenges, Corbett Centre for Maritime Policy Studies Series (New York, NY: Routledge, 2012). 79
  • Air Commodore Zia ul Haque Shamsi,
  • Ayesha Ray,
  • Air Commodore Ramesh V. Phadke (Retd.), Air Power and National Security: Indian Air Force: Evolution, Growth and Future. 146-147
  • Ayesha Ray,
  • Air Commodore Ramesh V. Phadke (Retd.), Air Power and National Security: Indian Air Force: Evolution, Growth and Future. 157-164.
  • Shashank Joshi, Indian Power Projection: Ambition, Arms and Influence, Whitehall Papers Series (Essex, UK: Routledge/Royal United Services Institute, 2017). 48-49. Air Commodore Ramesh V. Phadke (Retd.), Air Power and National Security: Indian Air Force: Evolution, Growth and Future. 165.
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 240. 79
  • Ranjit Ghosh, Indigenization: Key to Self-Sufficiency and Strategic Capability. 118 80
  • Radvanyi drew a remarkable analysis on the low-level performance and navigation of C-130 aircraft. Please see: Major Richard A. Radvanyi, 80
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 293. 80
  • Sanjay Badri-Maharaj, 80
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 293
  • Walter C. Ladwig III,
  • Christopher F. Foss and James C. O'Halloran, IHS Janes's Land Warfare Platforms: Artillery & Air Defence 2016- 2017. 881.
  • Sanjay Badri-Maharaj,
  • Rajesh Soami,
  • Surendra Singh, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/get-ready-indias-own-gps-set-to-hit- the-market-early-next-year/articleshow/58876680.cms.
  • Masood Ur Rehman Khattak, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/get-ready-indias-own-gps-set-to-hit- the-market-early-next-year/articleshow/58876680.cms.
  • Sannia Abdullah,
  • Muhammad Ali Baig, https://dailytimes.com.pk/134490/two-half-menand-two-half-front/.
  • North Korean hackers especially the Bureau-121 are noted to possess remarkable cyber warfare capabilities. Please see: Dave Lee, , https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-32925503.
  • According to Western sources, Russia conducted a massive cyber and electronic warfare against Ukraine while annexing Crimea in 2014, ostensibly, under the Gerasimov Doctrine. For more please see: Kenneth Geers, ed., Cyber War in Perspective: Russian Aggression against Ukraine (Tallinn, Estonia: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence Publications, 2015). , https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-32925503.
  • James Hackett, The Military Balance 2017: The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. 294-295
  • EY Team, “Turning the 'Make in India' Dream into a Reality for the Electronics and Hardware Industry
  • Maaike Verbruggen,
  • S. Amer Latif,
  • Kapil Patil, https://thediplomat.com/2013/08/indias-new-mountain-strike-corps-conventional-deterrence/
  • Stephen P. Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta, Arming without Aiming : India's Military Modernization. 4 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, The Armed Forces of Pakistan. 23-25
  • Stephen P. Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta, Arming without Aiming : India's Military Modernization. 4. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Pakistan's Defense Policy, 1947-58. 85-93.
  • Richard A. Bitzinger et al.,
  • Gwynne Dyer, War (New York: Crown Publishers, 1985). 190. Wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit or the Remarkable Trinity is a Clausewitzian concept comprising of primordial violence, chance and rationality. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989). 89.
  • Patil argued that India intends to create a 40,000 troop body capable of operating harsh weather conditions along the Sino-Indian border; whereas, it is feared that it might well be used against Pakistan. Please see : Kapil Patil,
  • Shashank Joshi, Indian Power Projection: Ambition, Arms and Influence. 36-37.
  • Jason McManus and George Constable, eds., Lightning War, The Third Reich (Alexandaria, Virginia: Time-Life Books Inc., 1989). 35-37
  • Hans-Heiri Stapfer, Hans-Joachim Mau, and George Punka, Junkers Ju 52 in Action, In Action 186 (Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 2002). 2, 42.
  • Hoppe noted that Ju-52 was the first cargo aircraft to carry out troop and equipment transportation for combat purposes during the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Please see: Henry Hoppe, Junkers Ju 52/3m, World War II Combat Aircraft Photo Archive, No. 01 (Erlangen, Germany: AirDOC - Aircraft Documentations, 2004). 4-5.
  • Keith Sypott,
  • Shashank Joshi, Indian Power Projection: Ambition, Arms and Influence. 24. Rajesh Soami,
  • Harsh V. Pant, The Rise of the Indian Navy: Internal Vulnerabilities, External Challenges. 79. Ibid. 30.
  • C. Christine Fair, Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Armys Way of War (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2014). 3-4.
  • PakistanÂ’s Army Chief argued that Nasr tactical nuclear weapon put cold water on Indian Cold Start. Please see: Zahid Chaudhary,
  • Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff, Joint Doctrine Indian Armed Forces, Second Edition (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, 2017). 8
  • Michael Kugelman, ed., IndiaÂ’s Contemporary Security Challenges, Asia Program (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011). 79-80.
  • Daniel W. Drezner, https://foreignpolicy.com/2004/10/12/ir-scholars-weigh-in-against-iraq/.
  • S. Amer Latif,
  • John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. 55.
  • Thomas Hippler, Bombing the People Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy, 1884-1939 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013). 151-165
  • Steven E. Lobell, Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. 22.
  • Muhammad Ali Baig, https://dailytimes.com.pk/127223/india-cant-afford-americas-friendship/.
  • John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. 162-164

Cite this article

    CHICAGO : Bilal, Muhammad, Sajida Begum, and Amina Farooq. 2018. "Comparative Study of India and Pakistan as Federations BRI." Global International Relations Review, I (I): 1-7 doi: 10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).01
    HARVARD : BILAL, M., BEGUM, S. & FAROOQ, A. 2018. Comparative Study of India and Pakistan as Federations BRI. Global International Relations Review, I, 1-7.
    MHRA : Bilal, Muhammad, Sajida Begum, and Amina Farooq. 2018. "Comparative Study of India and Pakistan as Federations BRI." Global International Relations Review, I: 1-7
    MLA : Bilal, Muhammad, Sajida Begum, and Amina Farooq. "Comparative Study of India and Pakistan as Federations BRI." Global International Relations Review, I.I (2018): 1-7 Print.
    OXFORD : Bilal, Muhammad, Begum, Sajida, and Farooq, Amina (2018), "Comparative Study of India and Pakistan as Federations BRI", Global International Relations Review, I (I), 1-7
    TURABIAN : Bilal, Muhammad, Sajida Begum, and Amina Farooq. "Comparative Study of India and Pakistan as Federations BRI." Global International Relations Review I, no. I (2018): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2018(I-I).01