Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations
This article briefly examines the rise of Hindu nationalism, its role in the formulation of the domestic environment and assesses its impact on the international relations of India. Since the ascendance of Modi to power,the involvement of RSS in Indian politics and governmental affairs has increased manifold. Curbs on civil society, NGOs, and media freedom have been noticed by independent observers. Hate speech and the enactment of laws to marginalize space for minorities are common happenings. This article has incorporated an integrative review technique while working under an overall design of qualitative research methodology. It is observed that India's erstwhile secular credentials are endangered due to the assault of the Hindutva wave on freedom of expression, civil society, and minorities. The dominance of the BJP and the autocratic behavior of Modi have affected the domestic environment of India thus impacting India's international relations, especially with herneighbours.
-
Hindu Nationalism, Domestic Environment, Foreign Policy, International Relations
-
(1) Javed Hassan Hashmi
Ph.D. Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
(2) Waseem Ishaque
Director, Area Studies China, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Anderson, E., & Longkumer, A. (2018). ‘Neo- Hindutva': evolving forms, spaces, and expressions of Hindu nationalism. Contemporary South Asia, 26(4), 371- 377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2018.15 48576
- Ayyub, R. (2016). Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a cover up. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
- Bhatt, C. (2007). Democracy and Hindu nationalism. Democratization, 11(4), 133- 154. https://doi.org/10.1080/135103404200023 4567
- Chatterji, A. P., Hansen, T. B., & Jaffrelot, C. (Eds.). (2019). Majoritarian state: How Hindu nationalism is changing India. Oxford University Press.
- Chaulia, S. S. (2002). BJP, India's Foreign Policy and the https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ip.889738 8
- Chowdhury, P. (2020, January 21). Communalism of the majority. Deccan Herald. https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/co mment/communalism-of-the-majority- 796552.html
- Farooq, M., & Javaid, U. (2020). Suspension of Article 370: Assessment of Modis Kashmir Masterstroke under Hindutva Ideology. Global Political Review, V(I), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).01
- Ganguly, S. (2020). Is Empowered Hindu Nationalism Transforming India? Current History, 119(816), 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2020.119.816. 123
- Gopalakrishnan, R. (2018, April 27). Indian journalists say they are intimidated, ostracised if they criticise Modi and the BJP. U.S. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india- politics-media-analysis- idUKKBN1HX1EO
- Habib, I. (2019). Book review: S. Irfan Habib, ed., Indian Nationalism: The Essential Writings and Inquilab: Bhagat Singh on Religion and Revolution: 6(1), 97-98. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/23484489198348 10
- Hall, I. (2019). Modi and the reinvention of Indian foreign policy. Policy Press.
- Hansen, T. (1999). The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400823 055
- Hate speech and online abuse: India's growing extremism problem | Media | Al Jazeera. (n.d.). 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the- listening-post/2022/1/8/hate-speech-and- online-abuse-indias-growing-extremism- problem
- How India's news media have changed since 2014: Greater self-censorship, dogged digital resistance. (n.d.). https://scroll.in/article/929461/greater-self- censorship-dogged-digital-resistance-how- indias-news-media-have-changed-since- 2014
- India's Democratic Processes https://thewire.in/rights/india-democracy- shrinking-media-v-dem-report
- India's top court intervenes in hate speeches against Muslims | News | Al Jazeera. (n.d.). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/1 2/indias-top-court-to-investigate-calls-for- genocide-of-muslims
- Jaffrelot, C. (1252). Hindu Nationalism: Strategic Syncretism in Ideology Building. Economic and Political Weekly. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mOX Wgr53A5kC
- Jaffrelot, C. (1998). The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India (0ed.). Columbia University Press.
- Jaffrelot, C. (2015). Narendra Modi and the Power of Television in Gujarat: 16(4), 346- 353. https://doi.org/10.1177/152747641557549 9
- Jaffrelot, C. (2022). Modi's India: Hindu nationalism and the rise of ethnic democracy. 60(1), 114-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2021.20 18969
- Jaffrelot, C., & Verniers, G. (2020). The BJP's 2019 election campaign: not business as usual. 28(2), 155-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2020.17 65985
- Mazhar, M. S. (2021). India Turns an Electoral Autocracy. 36(2), 233-244.
- Mehta, D. (2015). The Ayodhya dispute: The absent mosque, state of emergency and the jural deity: 20(4), 397-414. https://doi.org/10.1177/135918351560709 3
- Meibauer, G., Desmaele, L., Onea, T., Kitchen, N., Foulon, M., Reichwein, A., & Sterling- Folker, J. (2021). Rethinking Neoclassical Realism at Theory's End. International Studies Review, 23(1), 268-295.
- Meibauer, G., Desmaele, L., Onea, T., Kitchen, N., Foulon, M., Reichwein, A., & Sterling- Folker, J. (2021). Rethinking Neoclassical Realism at Theory's End. International Studies Review, 23(1), 268-295.
- Mishra, A., & Miklian, J. (2016). The evolving domestic drivers of Indian foreign policy.
- Moolakkattu, J. S. (2009). Robert W. Cox and critical theory of international relations. International Studies, 46(4), 439-456.
- O'Boyle, J. (2018). Twitter diplomacy between India and the United States: Agenda- building analysis of tweets during presidential state visits: 15(1), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/174276651881885 9
- Palshikar, S. (2016). The BJP and Hindu Nationalism: Centrist Politics and Majoritarian Impulses. 38(4), 719-735. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2015.10 89460
- Pardesi, M. S., & Oetken, J. L. (2008). Secularism, Democracy, and Hindu Nationalism in India. 4(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/147998507017831 48
- Rathbun, B. (2008). A rose by any other name: Neoclassical realism as the logical and necessary extension of structural realism. Security Studies, 17(2), 294-321
- Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. World politics, 51(1), 144-172.
- Savarkar, V. D. (2016). Essentials of Hindutva.
- Sheikh, (n.d). Banonchannels. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/450501 216/BANONCHANNELS
- Siddiqui, K. (2016). A Critical Study of www.jbepnet.com
- Singh, R. (2017, March 20). Why Narendra Modi and Amit Shah picked Yogi Adityanath as Uttar Pradesh CM. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/new s/politics-and-nation/why-narendra-modi- and-amit-shah-picked-yogi-adityanath-as- uttar-pradesh- cm/articleshow/57722848.cms?from=mdr
- Stories on Amit Shah's Assets, Smriti Irani's https://thewire.in/media/amit-shah-assets- smriti-irani-degrees-toi-et-outlook
- Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore - The New York Times. (n.d.). https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/worl d/asia/modi-india-press-media.html
- Vallabhbhai Patel: Where does Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel belong? - The Economic Times. (n.d.). https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opin ion/et-commentary/where-does-sardar- vallabhbhai-patel- belong/articleshow/25287443.cms
- Weale, A. (1999). Varieties of Democracy. Democracy, 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27291- 4_2
- Zavos, J. (2000). The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in India. 245. https://books.google.com/books?id=72jX AAAAMAAJ
Cite this article
-
APA : Hashmi, J. H., & Ishaque, W. (2021). Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations. Global International Relations Review, IV(IV), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).04
-
CHICAGO : Hashmi, Javed Hassan, and Waseem Ishaque. 2021. "Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations." Global International Relations Review, IV (IV): 32-42 doi: 10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).04
-
HARVARD : HASHMI, J. H. & ISHAQUE, W. 2021. Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations. Global International Relations Review, IV, 32-42.
-
MHRA : Hashmi, Javed Hassan, and Waseem Ishaque. 2021. "Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations." Global International Relations Review, IV: 32-42
-
MLA : Hashmi, Javed Hassan, and Waseem Ishaque. "Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations." Global International Relations Review, IV.IV (2021): 32-42 Print.
-
OXFORD : Hashmi, Javed Hassan and Ishaque, Waseem (2021), "Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations", Global International Relations Review, IV (IV), 32-42
-
TURABIAN : Hashmi, Javed Hassan, and Waseem Ishaque. "Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Impact of Domestic Environment on International Relations." Global International Relations Review IV, no. IV (2021): 32-42. https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(IV-IV).04